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Personality Theory
Why you are who you are…..
+Learning Objectives
Psychosexual Development and Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud
Defense Mechanisms
Ego Theories Erik Erikson Carl Jung
Biological Theories Hans Eysenck
Behaviorist and Learning Theories Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner
Cognitive Theories of Personality Jean Piaget
Existential and Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow
Interpersonal Theories Hildegard Peplau
+Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Developed by Sigmund Freud
Developed to find the root of unconscious thoughts and feelings that cause the client’s anxiety
He had the client talk openly about whatever came to their mind about their early experiences.
He believed that early experiences continue to influence people throughout their lives.
Three parts Id- part of the personality containing basic instincts and urges. Ego- the “I” part of the personality that develops to respond to
the realities and problems of everyday life. Superego- is a person’s conscience and the internalized concept
of ideal self.
+Freud’s Psychosexual Development
Freud believed that the child progresses through the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage.
Human development is complete when the person reaches adulthood.
Much of this theory has been refuted and is no longer considered accurate.
However, several points of this research continue, such that all behavior is motivated (not accidental), although the motivation is often not conscious.
+Defense Mechanisms
Acting out
Altruism
Anticipation
Compensation
Denial
Displacement
Dissociation
Humor
Intellectualization
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Suppression
+Ego Theories
Carl Jung and Erik Erikson began with Freud’s ideas and went on to create their own theories of personality.
+Carl Jung
Jung’s theory called the analytic psychology divided the mind into the conscious ego, the personal conscious, and the collective unconscious.
He described the collective unconscious as psychic elements or memories inherited through generations via an unconscious channel and shared with all humans.
He introduced that culture plays and important role in personal development.
Jung asserted that people’s individual motives and goals were more important than sexual urges in determining the course of their lives.
+Ego Theories Erik Erikson
Erikson created his own personality theory based on psychosocial development.
This theory is developed in 8 stages that are built on each other.
Each of his stages represent a conflict or core problem that the individual strives to overcome at a critical period of development.
A person must resolve each conflict in order to master the next one.
It is important to know these developmental stages for assessing a person’s developmental, identifying developmental needs, and for planning nursing interventions.
+Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs Mistrust Birth to 1 year
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 1 to 3 years
Initiative vs guilt 3 to 6 years
Industry vs Inferiority 6 to 12 years
Identity vs Role Confusion 12 to 18 years
Intimacy vs Isolation Early adulthood
Generativity vs Stagnation Adulthood
Ego Integrity vs Despair Maturity
+Nursing Implications If a pediatric patient in the stage of industry vs
inferiority is hospitalized, what kind of activities would you as a nurse provide for this client? The activity should promote the child’s achievement of the
developmental task of industry. These projects will provide a sense of accomplishment.
Consider the case of 2 patients with a broken femur, one is 2 and one is 40 years of age. The childs development is autonomy vs shame and
doubt, his task is to be independent of his parents, so motility is a priority for this child.
The 40 year old is in the stage of generativity vs stagnation, this stage requires him to get back to work. If he has a desk job, maybe some work could be brought home to him, or maybe he could answer the phone while he is recovering.
+Biological Theories
These theorists believe that people are born with certain predispositions and abilities that affect personality.
Unlike other theorists who assert that environment and life experiences shape personality, the biological theorists state that people are born with what makes them individuals.
The way people respond to stress, their susceptibility to developing mental disorders, even how they feel and act are caused by genetic, chemical, and physiological forces.
+Hans Eysenck He thought that human personality is rooted in our
genetics (our nature)
Nature vs Nurture----is our personality due to biology or to environment and experiences? Studies of identical twins that were separated have shown
that they chose the same career path (showing that genetics play a large role in personality)
Some studies showed that whether identical or fraternal, twins are found to be less alike as they get older (showing that environment plays a large role in personality)
The real answer is is that both biology and environment play a larger role in personality development.
+Nursing Implications
Nurses take a holistic approach to patient care.
Nursing theories recognize the client as a whole person make of mind, body, and spirit who is influenced by internal (biological) and external (environmental) factors.
+Behaviorist and Learning Theories
The behaviorist theories are based on the idea that a behavior persists if it is positively reinforced.
They believe that personality is completely shaped by an individual’s life experiences.
Therapy intended to change a behavior includes planning and practicing a new behavior that will be reinforced so the desired behavior will continue.
+B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Studied classical conditioning
When he rang a bell before he gave food to a dog, they would start salivating.
This is a classic experiment in learned behavior.
B.F. Skinner
He rejected any idea of biological foundations for personality.
His principle of operant conditioning stated that behavior is changed by its consequences.
If a student is reinforced by receiving and “A” everytime he writes with a blue pen, he will continue the blue pen using behavior even after a clear cause and effect have stopped.
Skinner believed that people have no free will to determine their behavior: all behavior is the result of reinforcement.
+Nursing Implications
Behavior modification with positive reinforcement is often used with children (the nurse may give a colorful sticker when the child is cooperative with a procedure)
Negative reinforcement is not commonly used.
One example of behavior therapy with negative reinforcement is the drug (Antabuse) which makes people violently ill when they drink alcohol.
+Cognitive Theories of Personality
The cognitive theorists believe that it is human perception, thinking, and judgment that make us human.
+Jean Piaget
He developed a theory about the cognitive development of children.
He described 4 stages of intellectual development, with each stage building on the previous one.
+Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development
Sensorimotor Stage- Birth to 2 years
Preoperational Stage- 2 to 7 years
Concrete Operations Stage- 7 to 11 years
Formal Operations Stage- 11 to 15 years
+Nursing Implications
When teaching patients, knowledge of cognitive development is especially important to nurses.
For example, diabetic teaching plans for 7 year olds and 17 year olds would have to be different based on the patients different cognitive levels.
Teaching for 7 year olds would have to include concrete instruction about what they need to do in the short term, how to test blood sugar, and how to inject insulin.
Teaching for 17 year olds could also include the pathophysiology of the disease, consequences of non-adherence with the treatment plan, and planning how to do blood glucose checks while they are at school.
+Existential and Humanistic Theories
These theorists seek the meaning of life or of human existence.
These theorists are more subjective than other theorists.
This theory studies people’s subjective experiences or perceptions.
+Abraham Maslow He focused on human needs and the most highly
evolved state of human development.
He placed human needs within 5 categories in a hierarchy.
+Nursing Implications
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides nurses with a basis for prioritizing patient needs and nursing interventions.
If a patient has low self-esteem and also has inadequate nutrition, the nutritional needs must take priority because they are lower on Maslow’s hierarchy.
These needs must be met before the client is able to focus on esteem, and before nursing plans for esteem-building are implemented.
+Interpersonal Theories
The interpersonal theorists believe that personality constantly changes as a result of interaction with others.
In the interpersonal approach, the therapist helps the patient develop trusting relationships, first with the therapist, then with others.
+Hildegard Peplau
She was the first nurse to identify psychiatric-mental health nursing as an essential part of general nursing and as a specialty area.
Peplau was the first nurse theorist to propose the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
3 steps Orientation phase- expectations discussed and goals set. Working phase- indentification of the problem and use of
the process to enhance the patient’s personal growth. Resolution or termination phase- relationship is terminated,
outcomes summarized.
+Nursing Implications
Nurses must be aware of their own role in the therapuetic interaction and of the role the patient may be expecting.
Patients might want the nurse to fill the role of Friend Parent Love object Participant in the patient’s problem
None of this is useful in providing care to patients.
The social and personal needs of the nurse should not be part of the nurse-patient relationship.
