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2. Data Structures and AlgorithmsCohesion andCouplingCohesion @ relates to the functional independence of themodule and to the performance of a single taskwithin the moduleCoupling @ allows modules to be connected by an interface,which enables the programmer to transfer datafrom one module to another.Introduction to Programming Structure *Property of STI Page 2 of 11 3. Data Structures and Algorithms ModulesRules in Designing Modules 1. Each module is an entity itself. 2. Each module has a single function. 3. Each module is short enough to be easily read andmodified. 4. The length of a module is governed by its functionand the number of instructions to be executed toperform that function. 5. A module is developed to control the order ofprocessing.Introduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 3 of 11 4. Data Structures and Algorithms ModulesTypes of Modules1. Control Module2. Initialization Module3. Process Data Module a. Calculation Modules b. Print Modules c. Read and Data Validation Modules4. Wrap-up module5. Event Modules (OO-Paradigm)Introduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 4 of 11 5. Data Structures and Algorithms Local and Global VariablesLocal Variables@ may be used only by the module itselfGlobal Variables@ they are global to the program as they can be seen by all modulesIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 5 of 11 6. Data Structures and AlgorithmsParametersParameters@ local variables that are passed or sent from onemodule to another. Parameters are another wayof facilitating coupling that allows thecommunication of data between modulesCalling Module@ the module that processes another moduleCalled Module@ the module being processedIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 6 of 11 7. Data Structures and AlgorithmsParametersActual parameter listing@ the list of parameters that follows the modulename being processed in the calling moduleFormal Parameter Listing@ the list of parameters that follow the modulename at the beginning of the moduleIntroduction to Programming Structure *Property of STI Page 7 of 11 8. Data Structures and AlgorithmsParametersTypes of parameter passinga Call by valuea Call by referenceIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 8 of 11 9. Data Structures and AlgorithmsParametersIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STIPage 9 of 11 10. Data Structures and AlgorithmsParametersIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STI Page 10 of 11 11. Data Structures and Algorithms Variable Names and Data Dictionary The Four Logic Structures Sequential Decision Loop CaseIntroduction to Programming Structure*Property of STI Page 11 of 11