Abcd master train the trainer, Delivered in Kigali, Rwanda, 2012, Cormac Russell

www.nurturedevelopment.ie

Asset Based CommunityDevelopment to Education

Turning a Community’s Focus fromDeficiencies to AssetsNurture Development-ABCD Resource Presentation


Learning over the last few days

What truly excited you about thelast couple of days?

What surprised you? What questions have surfaced?


Hopes and Expectations


From current reality to vision


People and Communitieshave deficiencies & needs

Individuals and Communitieshave skills and talents

The Dilemma . . .


The Geometry Lesson

CONTROL CONSENT

PRODUCES GOODS& SERVICES CARE

CLIENTCONSUMER CITIZEN

NEEDS ASSETS


Releasing InstitutionalAssets

1. How can community assets grow astronger school?

2. Schools-How can a school be an assetfor Community Building?


Partnering & Persistence

Moses & Jethro(Exodus 18:13-27)

Servants intofriends (John13:1-17)

Widow going toJudge

(Luke 18: 1-8) Where are your

scars? Wounded healer


COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Go to the peopleLive among themLearn from them

Love themStart with what they knowBuild on what they have;

But of the best leaderswhen their task is doneThe people will remark

“We have done it ourselves.”


CommunityBuilding

Matters



Development trends Do development to the people Do development for the people Do development through the people Do development with the people Developing local capacity for self-development Identify connect and mobilise assets people

decide together what change should look andfeel like, we serve them






Community Asset Map-Ballinacurra Weston

IndividualsGifts, Skills, Capacities,Knowledge and Traits of

YouthOlder Adults

ArtistsPeople with Disabilities

StudentsParents

EntrepreneursActivists

InstitutionsSchools

UniversitiesCommunity CollegesPolice Departments

HospitalsLibraries

Social ServiceAgencies

Non ProfitsMuseums

Fire DepartmentsFoundations

Physical SpaceGardens

ParksPlaygroundsParking Lots

Walking PathsForests/Forest

PreservesPicnic AreasCampsites

Fishing Spots

StoriesOf background and personal history

Of what you like to do and contributeOf existing and ongoing skills and

capacitiesOf successful community development

Of economic growthOf addressing discrimination

Of including those who are marginalizedOf recognizing the value of everyoneOf a time when you or your group felt

appreciated and valuedOf a time the community was at its best

Local EconomyFor-Profit Businesses

Consumer ExpendituresMerchants

Chamber of CommerceBusiness Associations

BanksFoundations

Institutional-PurchasingPower and Personnel

Micro enterprisesLocal Coops

Corporations andBranches

Animal Care GroupsAnti Crime Groups

Residents AssocBusiness Organizations

Charitable GroupsCivic Events Groups

Cultural GroupsEducation Groups

Elderly GroupsEnvironmental Groups

Family Support GroupsHealth Advocacy and

Fitness Groups

Heritage GroupsHobby and Collectors Groups

Men’s GroupsMentoring Groups

Mutual Support GroupsNeighborhood Improvement

GroupsPolitical Organizations

Recreation GroupsReligious Groups

Service ClubsSocial GroupsUnion Groups

Women’s GroupsYouth Groups

Associations

Physical Space

Local Economy

StoriesInstitutions

Associations

Individuals

MyCommun

ity

MyCommun

ity

OurCommunity


Capturing Local Relationships - School

Relationship w

ith youth thatprevent arrest later

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stud

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Space f

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ter

Mate

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for yo

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nter,

clothe

s for

resale

shop

Tutoring and mentoring summer program,

future teachers, alternative high school

Space, employment for students

Security guards, LSC members, organizes for

crime-free schools

Employment opportunities, classes, community newsletterDonations of uniforms, videotapingof events, scholarships, mentoringFuture employees, interns and

apprentices for summer jobs

Food for events, help

establishing school-based

catering enterprise

Catering

opportunities,

publicity

Health care, child care, playtherapy, W

IC program

Space, referralsR

ecru

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andi

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esou

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Good p

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ity fo

r eve

nts,

mobiliz

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commun

ity fo

r

parad

es, in

formati

on fo

r pare

ntsJudges for art contests, facilitators for mural

projects; mentors for youthDisplay space, artists-in-residence

opportunities, publicity

Computers, films, LSC meeting space; after-school tutoring, classroom collections

Computers, films, LSC meetingspace, toys, after-school tutoring

Tutoring, mentoring, transportation, child care

Literacy programs and other classes, health

care, relationships with students, holiday meals

Money, connections to outside funders,

grant-writing skills

Investment of funds, publicity

Assistance w

ith parents’

crime initiative, help

cleaning up local park

PolicePolice Day CareCenter

Day CareCenter

Church or otherReligiousInstitute

Church or otherReligiousInstitute

HigherEducationInstitution

HigherEducationInstitution

LocalResidents

LocalResidents

BusinessBusiness

Bakery orRestaurantBakery orRestaurant

Community-BasedOrganization,

Civic Association

Community-BasedOrganization,

Civic Association

MediaMedia

Artists andCultural

Institutions

Artists andCultural

Institutions

LibraryLibrary

Senior CitizensSenior Citizens

BanksBanks

Social ServiceAgency

Social ServiceAgency

SchoolSchool


School Assets

Students

Expertise

Personnel

Materials &Equipment

Economic Power

Space & Facility

Networks

SchoolSchool


What Does My School Have toOffer?

Students

Expertise

Personnel

Materials &Equipment

Economic Power

Space & Facility

Networks

SchoolSchool

IndividualsGifts, Skills, Capacities,Knowledge and Traits of

YouthOlder Adults

ArtistsWelfare Recipients

People with DisabilitiesStudentsParents

EntrepreneursActivistsVeterans

PersonnelExpertise in/outside ofjob:Ability to teach:

ArtMusic

AthleticsSocial Service

AgenciesNon ProfitsMuseums

Fire DepartmentsFoundations

Physical SpaceGardens

ParksPlaygroundsParking LotsBike Paths

Walking PathsForests/Forest

PreservesPicnic AreasCampsites

Fishing Spots

StoriesOf background and personal history

Of what you like to do and contributeOf existing and ongoing skills and

capacitiesOf successful community development

Of economic growthOf addressing racism

Of including those who are marginalizedPf recognizing the value of everyone

Of a time when you or your group feltappreciated and valued

Of a time the community was at its best

Local EconomyFor-Profit Businesses

Consumer ExpendituresMerchants

Chamber of CommerceBusiness Associations

BanksCredit UnionsFoundations

Institutional-PurchasingPower and PersonnelBarer and Exchange

CDCsCorporations and

Branches

Animal Care GroupsAnti Crime Groups

ClubsBusiness Organizations

Charitable GroupsCivic Events Groups

Cultural GroupsEducation Groups

Elderly GroupsEnvironmental Groups

Family Support GroupsHealth Advocacy and

Fitness Groups

Heritage GroupsHobby and Collectors Groups

Men’s GroupsMentoring Groups

Mutual Support GroupsNeighborhood Improvement

GroupsPolitical Organizations

Recreation GroupsReligious Groups

Service ClubsSocial GroupsUnion Groups

Veteran’s GroupsWomen’s Groups

Youth Groups

Associations


A Window into My OrganizationMaterials & Equipment

ComputersExpensive Software

Desks, chairs & OtherFurnitureScanner

Printing EquipmentFax and copierDigital camera

Books, magazines, newspapersTelephones for

hearing impaired

Artwork

Literacy and GED materials

Community historyInformation on

community organizations

Social service resourcesFinancial info for business

owners

Networks ofConnections

Private InstitutionsPublic Institutions

Associations

Individuals

for community projectsPurchasing power

issues, gov, and foundations

Investigation & Research

Job trainingSponsor fundraisers

Hire local people

Knowledge of CommunityEdu. & Training CoursesLeadership Development

Collective abilities and interests

Economic Power

Power to generate and receivespecial funds through bond

Linkages to adults & childrenLinkages to community

Individual Traits (ex):Ideas, energy, idealism

Assist in Writing & submitting grants

Space & FacilitiesMeeting rooms

Break room and/or kitchenGlass display cases

StorytellingLeadership skills

Constituents

Computer roomsDrinking fountains

GardensBulletin boards

Knowledge of Community

Educational Workshops:Crime preevntion,

Self Defense

LobbiesParking LotsBathrooms

Classes (ex):Arts, athletics, math, GED

Literacy, LanguageTechnical Training (ex):

Expertise

Child careNetworks of Connections

ComputersCommunications

Vehicle Operation & Repaircomputer literacy,

Health eating,

EnergyEnthusiasm

Community History WritersHealth Care

Individual Traits (ex):

PersonnelExpertise in/outside of job

Individual Abilities & Interests

Ability to teach (ex):Art

MusicAthletics

Individual abilities (ex):Finances

Ideas


In return-Educating Together

Timebanking Knowledge/Teaching Bank


TIME FOR A NEWKIND OF BANK?

Towards establishing time bankingin Ireland


Origin and supporters

Edgar Cahn (1992) – ‘Time Dollars: TheNew Currency That Enables Americansto Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security and CommunityRenewal’

New Economics Foundations London(2008, November) – ‘The new wealth oftime: How timebanking helps peoplebuild better public services’ andfeatured in ‘From the ashes of thecrash; 20 first steps from neweconomics to rebuild a better economy’


Time banking: In the news


What is time banking?

A network of people using timeas currency to exchangeservicesPerson A does something forPerson B, B pays A using timecredits and Person A can spendthese time credits on recruitingthe services of Person B or anyother person using the timebank


How does it work?

Interested people join the time bankand list the kinds of skills or helpthey can offer others

The services people are offering canbe seen by all time bank members

As part of the time bank everyonecan then earn time credits byhelping someone and spend timecredits by having someone else helpthem


How does it work?

As a rule every hour spenthelping someone is worth 1 timecredit

Paper time currency is exchangefor offline systems or and anautomated system is used foronline banks


Painting the picture

ABCD and School and CommunityPartnerships.


What are we going to learn?

• You are the solution to yourcommunity’s challenges.

• Knowing the ABCD framework willhelp you build strongercommunities.

• You will only learn what you alreadyknow.

• ABCD training is full of stories toillustrate lessons.


John McKnight & John Kretzmann

Both with Community Organisingbackgrounds;

Both university Professors; Both asked the same question


University Opportunity

Working with the university allowedJohn McKnight and Jody to expandtheir work with communities.

They studied communities beyondneighbourhoods in Chicago.

Traveling all over America askingquestions of different communities.

ABCD is based on what theylearned.


Share

They can share with you what theylearned.

But they emphasize that these arethings you probably already know.

Difference between you and Johnand Jody is that they have visitedTHOUSANDS of communitiesgathering stories.


Ask Questions

John and Jody asked manyquestions of the thousands ofcommunities they visited-but theyall come down to one basicquestion:

“What have you done that has beensuccessful in your community thatyou could share with others?”


Collected Stories

They collected thousands of storiesabout what makes successful localinitiatives, including: What are the building blocks they

used? What is the stuff they used? What are the “ingredients” they used?

Over and over the same 5ingredients appeared


Book “Building Communities fromInside Out”

Each story does not use all 5ingredients.

The guide reminds people what the5 ingredients are and the storiescommunities told that make themsuccessful.

It is the most popular book on“community development”, sellingover 100,000 copies and over20,000 given away.


5 Assets are a reality

These 5 ingredients or ASSETS area reality just like a map of Ireland.

The Assets are not a theory. The Assets are not invented. All communities contain the 5

Assets.


First Asset - CITIZENS

The first asset that appears in everystory is the local residents =Citizens

Recognized as an individual Landowners Tenants Employees


First Asset



Second Asset - ASSOCIATIONS

The second asset are: groups of localresidents that come together.

They are not paid. They care. Technical name is Associations

Neighbourhood/Residents Associations Clubs Athletic Groups Prayer groups

Associations appear in lots of storiesabout successful communities.



Associations


Master List of Associations Addiction Prevention and Recovery

Groups Drug Ministry/ Testimonial Group for

Addicts Campaign for a Drug-Free

Neighborhood High School Substance Abuse

Committee

Advisory Community SupportGroups (Friends of…) Friends of the Library Neighborhood Park Advisory Council Hospital Advisory Group

Animal Care Groups Cat Owner’s Association Humane Society

Anti Crime Groups Children’s Safe Haven Neighborhood

Group Police Neighborhood Watch Senior Safety Group

Block Clubs Condominium Owner’s Association Building Council Tenant Club

Business Organizations/ SupportGroups Jaycees Local Chamber of Commerce Economic Development Council Local Restaurant Association

Charitable Groups and Drives Local Hospital Auxiliary Local United Way United Negro College Fund

Civic Events Groups Local Parade Planning Committee Arts and Crafts Fair July 4th Carnival Committee Health Fair Committee



Master List of Associations (cont.)

Cultural Groups Community Choir Drama Club Dance Organization High School Band

Disability/Special Needs Groups Special Olympics Planning Committee Local American Lung Association Local Americans with Disabilities Association Local Muscular Dystrophy Association

Education Groups Local School Council Local Book Club Parent Teach Association Literacy Councils Tutoring Groups

Elderly Groups Hospital Seniors Clubs Westside Seniors Clubs Church Seniors Clubs Senior Craft Club

Environmental Groups Neighborhood Recycling Club Sierra Club Adopt-a-Stream Bike Path Committee Clean Air Committee Pollution Control Save the Park Committee

Family Support Groups Teen Parent Organization Foster Parents’ Support Group Parent Alliance Group Black Empowerment Group Norwegian Society Neighborhood Historical Society African American Heritage Association

Health Advocacy and Fitness Groups Weight Watchers TOPS Traffic Safety Organization Child Injury Prevention Group Yoga Club YMCA/YWCA Fitness Groups Anti-Violence Group Senior Fitness Club




Master List of Associations (cont.)

Hobby and Collectors Groups Coin Collector Association Stamp Collector Association Arts and Crafts Club Garden Club of Neighbors Sewing Club Antique Collectors

Men’s Groups Fraternal Orders Church Men’s Organizations Men’s Sports Organizations Fraternities

Mentoring Groups After School Mentors Peer Mentoring Groups Church Mentoring Groups Big Brothers, Big Sisters Rights of Passage Organizations

Mutual Support Groups La Leche League Disease Support Groups (cancer, etc.) Parent-to-Parent Groups Family-to-Family Groups

Neighborhood Improvement Groups The Neighborhood Garden Club Council of Books Club Neighborhood Anti-Crime Council Neighborhood Clean-Up Council

Political Organizations Democratic Club Republican Club

Recreation Groups Kite-Flying Club Bowling Leagues Basketball Leagues Body Builders Club Little League Motorcycle Clubs

Religious Groups Churches Mosques Synagogues Men’s Religious Groups Women’s Religious Groups Youth Religious Groups


A Strength-based Approach to YouthDevelopment

Moving from ‘at risk’ to ‘at promise’




Sample Capacity InventoryINTRODUCTIONMy name is ____________. What is your name?

Thank you for coming over. Did someone talk to you about what the “gift exchange” is allabout? What do you understand it to be?

Basically, we believe that everyone has God-given talents and gifts that can be used tobenefit the community. I’d like to spend a few minutes talking to you about your gifts andskills.

GIFTSGifts are abilities that we are born with. We may develop them, but no one has to teachthem to us.1. What positive qualities do people say you have?2. Who are the people in your life that you give to? How did you give it to them?3. When was the last time you shared with someone else? What was it?4. What do you give that makes you feel good?


Sample Capacity Inventory (cont.)

SKILLSSometimes we have talents that we’ve acquired in everyday life such ascooking and fixing things.1. What do you enjoy doing?2. If you could start a business, what would it be?3. What do you like to do that people would pay you to do?4. Have you ever made anything? Have you ever fixed anything?

DREAMSBefore you go, I want to take a minute and hear about your dreams –these goals you hope to accomplish.1.What are your dreams?2. If you could snap your fingers and be doing anything, what would itbe?


What motivates people?Think about a book drive to help ayouth center. Someone thatcontributes may care about:

the kids having something safe to do learning about a particular subject

such as art understanding the history of their

ancestors getting rid of some old books…


The Wizard of Oz

The Wizard of Oz is a story we allremember from our childhood, butit has a deep grain of truth runningthrough it that can serve us well asadults…watch the following clip withwhat I’ve being saying in mind.


Citizen Hat vs. Professional Hat

It is your “citizen hat” that is yourwisdom hat.

Your “professional hat” is used whileyou are at work not in yourcommunity.

As a citizen you are recognized as a Person with a gift to give Mother/Father Neighbour Friend


Institutions as treasure chests

Strong communities make stronginstitutions, who in turn can mobiliseby:

Purchasing, Investment & Banking,School Involvement, Accountability:Local people serving on Boards &Committees, Staff contributes time,resources and effort to community,Contributing use of space andequipment, Opening doors

Economic power, Grants


Five Keys toExpandingCommunityEngagement7 steps to effective communityengagement


7 Keys to effectiveengagement Have fun Start where people are at Don’t sit on your assets-find them, moblise

them and connect them-Communityorganising

Celebrate success and recognise caringneighbourhoods

Share stories Strategic Mini grants Form Association of Associations-

Neighbourhood Councils


Have fun





Start where people are at








Don’t sit on your assets













Celebrate success andrecognize caringneighbours



Share stories




Successful Communities Connect neighbourhoods & use many gifts. Created at the core an association of associations –

Associations are the Lords. Citizens have the final responsibility of outcome & work

– Institutions become the Servants with assets. Group of local citizens join together to create a vision

with common goals Discover what they have Discover what they want to do Decide how they want to do it Take action and DO IT

Implement vision, want support for contributions &production not for deficits.

Needs of Community should be the last question.


Our Question

What’s the smallest thing wecould do that would make thebiggest difference?


First day of the rest of our lives

Appreciative Inquiry Open Space It’s up to us Presentation of certs Go well, change much!


Practicalities of Asset Mapping

And other tools


“WHO CARES?”

• Care, unlike service, cannot be produced.• Care is the consenting commitment one

has for the other, freely given.• Care cannot be mandated, managed or

produced as a service can.• One of the great errors in most policy

making maps is the pretension thatsystems can “produce care.”

• Care is the domain of the associationalcommunity.


Association Mapping

Exercise

What associations are you a memberof?

Formal and InformalAddiction Prevention and Recover Groups, Advisory Community Support

Groups, Animal Care Groups, Anti Crime Groups, Charitable Groupsand Drives, Civic Events Groups, Cultural Groups, Disability/SpecialNeeds Groups, Education Groups, Elderly Groups, Environmental

Groups, Family Support Groups, Health Advocacy & Fitness Groups,Heritage Groups, Hobby & Collectors Groups, Men’s Groups,Mentoring Groups, Mutual Support Groups, Neighbourhood

Improvement Groups, Political Organisations, Recreation Groups,Religious Groups, Service Groups, Social Groups, Social

Cause/Advocacy Issue Groups, Union Groups, Veteran’s Groups,Women’s Groups, Youth Groups


A tribute to Associations

Slideshow


Willingness to Work onNeighborhood Projects

2388Neighborhood Safety

23610ImprovingNeighborhood Health

0498Supporting Families

02712Working with SeniorCitizens

11415Working with Youth

05610NeighborhoodBeautification

Not WillingUncertain if

Willing

Willing butHaven’t Done

WorkHave Done

Work

Based on interviews with 21 association leaders


Willingness to Work onNeighborhood Issues

23124Integrating DisabledPeople

3495Integrating Ex-Convicts

1297Youth Truancy &Gangs

63102Domestic Violence

04125Drug Abuse

34104Child Abuse

5493Teenage Pregnancy

Not WillingUncertain if

Willing

Willing butHaven’t Done

WorkHave Done

Work

Based on interviews with 21 association leaders


Four Organizing Questions Guide LocalPeople Building a Stronger Community

1. WHAT DO WE WANT TO DO? What are our goals?

2. WHAT DO WE HAVE HERE WITH WHICH WE CAN DO IT? What are our assets and capacities?

3. WHO CAN DO IT? What connections can we draw upon?

4. WHAT MECHANISMS WILL ENCOURAGE THE COMMUNITY TOBECOME INVOLVED?

How can we encourage individuals to participate and contribute theircapacities?

How can we encourage associations to participate and contributetheir capacities?

How can we encourage institutions to support the effort andcontribute their assets?


Citizen Power Progression

VICTIMVICTIM

ADVISORADVISOR

ADVOCATEADVOCATE

PRODUCER… VISION

… OUTCOMES

PRODUCER… VISION

… OUTCOMES


Implementing “What WillBe”

Action Planning(Treatment)

Agreeing “What we have tocontribute; what could be ”

Analysis of PossibleSolutions

Envisioning “What MightBe”

Analysis of Causes

Appreciating and ValuingThe Best of “What Is”

“Felt Need”Identification of Problem

Positive/StrengthsApproach

Negative/ NeedsApproach


Principles of a positive approach

If you focus on the obstacle – you repeatedlyhit the obstacle

If you focus on the problems – you find moreproblems

What you look for – is what you end up with If you focus on the way out – you miss the

obstacle and go in the direction you want There is great energy in building on success


A Strength/Asset Approach

1. What has worked/ what works2. What direction do we want to

move towards3. What assets exist now4. What options are there for getting

there (based on 1& 2 above).5. Lets begin now

www.nurturedevelopment.iewww.truesportpur.ca

5 key elements of the AI approaches

The deeply valued in the past Desirablefuture

Shift responsibility to local entity by buildingself esteem

Draw attention back to localresources

Redefine problems opportunities toobjectives

Relinquish leadership role set in motionexpanding process


Discovery“What gives life?”(The best of what is)

Appreciating

Discovery“What gives life?”(The best of what is)

Appreciating

Dream“What might be?”

(What is the world calling for)Envisioning Results

Dream“What might be?”

(What is the world calling for)Envisioning Results

Design“What Assets have we got”

Co-constructing

Design“What Assets have we got”

Co-constructing

Deliver“How to empower, learn,and adjust/improvise?”

Sustaining

Deliver“How to empower, learn,and adjust/improvise?”

Sustaining

PositiveCore

“5 D” CycleDefineTopic Choice

DefineTopic Choice


The 5 Ds Process of Strength BasedEducational Development Work

D1- DISCOVER

D2 - DREAM

D3-DESIGN

D1- We havedone it before.

D2 – Wehave a visionfor our future.

D3 – We agree onwhat could bedone.

D4 – We have a list ofour resources to drawfrom.

D5 – action plan& startimplementing it.

D5 – DELIVER/DO IT

D4 -DEFINE

www.nurturedevelopment.iewww.truesportpur.ca

Successful Communities Connect neighbourhoods & use many gifts. Created at the core an association of associations –

Associations are the Lords. Citizens have the final responsibility of outcome & work

– Institutions become the Servants with assets. Group of local citizens join together to create a vision

with common goals:

Implement vision, want support for contributions &production not for deficits.

Needs of Community should be the last question.

Prepared by Cormac Russell,Nurture Development

Discover what they have Discover what they want todo

Decide how they want to doit

Take action and DO IT


ABCD in our area

Determine community goal. Find allies. Determine additional players. Decide how to bring them on board. Identify assets to contribute from your

institution, association, and/orindividually.

Utilize these resources to map andmobilise community.

Come back to share stories, successesand challenges and receive support.


What about social justice

Many ask is this approach simplyletting Agencies and Government‘off the hook’

The answer is no, in fact theopposite is true

ABCD looks at how by firstlyfocusing on what we have webecome strong enough as citizensto fight for what we need. We thengrow from inside out.


ABCD Workbooks

A Guide to Mapping and Mobilizing the EconomicCapacities of Local Residents

A Guide to Mapping Local Business Assets and MobilizingLocal Business Capacities

A Guide to Mapping Consumer Expenditures andMobilizing Consumer Expenditure Capacities

A Guide to Capacity Inventories: Mobilizing theCommunity Skills of Local Residents

A Guide to Evaluating Asset-Based CommunityDevelopment: Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities

A Guide to Creating a Neighborhood InformationExchange: Building Communities by Connecting LocalSkills and Knowledge

City-Sponsored Community Building: Savannah's Grantsfor Blocks Story

Newspapers and Neighborhoods: Strategies forAchieving Responsible Coverage of Local Communities

A Guide to Mapping and Mobilizing the Associations inLocal Neighborhoods

Leading by Stepping Back: A Guide for City Officials onBuilding Neighborhood Capacity

A Guide to Building Sustainable Organizations from theInside Out: An Organizational Capacity Building Toolboxfrom the Chicago Foundation for Women

The Organization of Hope: A Workbook for Rural Asset-Based Community Development

Community Transformation: Turning Threats intoOpportunities

Asset-Based Strategies for Faith Communities

Building the Mercado Central: Asset-Based Developmentand Community Entrepreneurship


Questions & Answers

Open Discussion Time


Close

Evaluation

Technology

Abcd master train the trainer, Delivered in Kigali, Rwanda, 2012, Cormac Russell