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An Inter-state Comparison of Status of Women in Some Selected
States of India with Special Reference to Assam.
Presented by:
Annesha Mech
M.A
in Economics,
Dibrugarh University
Introduction:
Status of women implies the position that women possess in
the society in relation to men.
With passage of time though Indian women have progressed in different field
but there are yet a major portion who still are deprived of basic needs and
amenities of life. Different indicators are used for assessing the status of
women in different aspects which are vitally interlinked with concepts of power
and position they hold in the society.
Objectives:
1) Comparative analysis of status of women in Assam to some selected major
states of India with the help of some selected indicators.
2) Some governmental schemes implemented by Assam government for
upliftment of women.
3) Some ways for improving the status of women in Assam.
Materials and Methodology:
All the relevant information and data were collected using
secondary data from various sources such as journals, newspapers,
Census Reports of the Government, NFHS-III, Sample Registration
System etc.
Different indicators were used such as male -female literacy gap
rate, number of girls enrolled per 100 boys, drop-out rate of girls,
Female Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, Percentage
of pregnant anaemic women & Percentage of Safe Delivery, number
of women members in Lok Sabha , Number of women with bank
accounts, number of women having operational landholdings and
women’s participation in decision making, Percentage of women
employed in organized sector, Sex ratio and incidence of crime
committed against women to make an Inter-state Comparison of
Status of Women in Some Selected seventeen States of India with
Special Reference to Assam
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15.82
11.54
20.06
16.518.61
14.23 14.72
4.04
20.51
14.34
4.32
18.04
10.14
27.85
12.95
19.98
11.51
Inter-state comparison of male-female literacy gap rate (%)
states
male
-fem
ale
li
tera
cy
gap
rate
in
%
Results and Discussion:
Educational status of women can be analysed by using some indicators like: male-female literacy gap rate, number of girls enrolled per 100 boys and drop-out rate of girls. Chart 1:
Source: Census of India,2011
Sl.No
States Drop-out rates, Class I-X (6-16 yrs) (2009-10)
No. of girls enrolled per 100 boys, 2006-07
Boys Girls Total Classes I-VIII Classes IX-X
1 Andhra
52.73 54.02 53.36 96 90
2 Assam 77.41 77.82 77.60 96 79
3 Bihar 78.46 76.06 77.56 71 50
4 Gujarat 60.37 64.41 62.14 76 69
5 Haryana 20.17 19.46 19.84 87 87
6 Himachal 22.28 18.93 20.65 90 90
7 Karnataka 46.89 46.33 46.62 93 90
8 Kerala -2.94 -5.20 -4.06 95 97
9 M.P 60.98 71.32 65.71 88 59
10 Maharashtra 38.63 42.62 40.54 90 88
11 Mizoram 64.79 60.72 62.87 94 99
12 Odisha 69.98 65.91 68.19 89 8313 Punjab 41.23 39.45 40.42 87 80
14 Rajasthan 70.52 73.42 71.64 80 51
15 Tamil Nadu 37.56 30.28 34.06 94 94
16 U.P 29.19 15.09 23.83 82 53
17 West Bengal 72.89 70.70 71.83 98 77
Table 2: Statewise drop-out rates in class (I-X) & No. of girls enrolled per 100 boys
Source:Abstract of Selected Educational Statistics 2009-10* & 2006-07 ** Ministry of Human Resource Development; GoI[5]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
13
23 25
33 34 35 37 3942
45 46 4853
56 58 5962
Inter-state comparison of Female Infant Mortality Rate(per 1000 live births) for year 2011.
Fem
ale-
Infa
nt
Mor
talit
y R
ate
Source: Sample Registration Sys-tem(2012)
Health status: Different health indicators such as female infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, percentage of pregnant anaemic women and percentage of safe delivery are used for assessing the health status of women. Chart 3:
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
0
100
200
300
400
500
134
390
261
148 153 178
81
269
104
258
172
318
97
359
145
Chart 4:Inter-state comparison of Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 1 lakh live births) (2007-09)
Mat
erna
l M
orta
lity
Rat
io
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Har
yana
Him
acha
l
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odi
sha
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
58.272
60.2 60.869.7
39.2
60.4
33.8
57.9 57.8 51.7
68.1
41.6
61.754.6 51.6
62.675.6
40.931.9
62.153.4 51
71.5
99.4
50.1
69.4 63.550.9
77.1
52.7
95.6
30.1
51.6
Chart 4.1:Inter-state comparison of percentage of pregnant anaemic women age 15-49(2005-06) & percentage of
safe delivery(2007-08)
pregnant anaemic women(%) safe delivery(%)
Source: Sample Registration System (2010)
Source: NFHS-III(2005-06) & DLHS-3 (2007-08)
Political Status: For empowerment women need to have a voice in decision making and planning through adequate representation.The number of women members in the Lok Sabha is used in assessing the political status of women.
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
52 4 4 2 1
63 4 3
13
7
37
12
36
22
84
27
2023
45
1
21
10
22
39
67
35
Chart 5: Number of women members in Lok Sabha(2009)
Female Male States
inte
rsta
te
com
pari
son
of
male
-fem
ale
gap
in
num
ber
of
mem
bers
in
Lok
Sabha
Source: www.parliamentofIndia.nic.in
Socio-Economic status: Number of women with bank accounts, number of women having operational
landholdings and women’s participation in household decision making and percentage of women
employed in organised sector are used as indicators for assessing economic empowerment and
independence of women.
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
...
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Be.
..
60062
7284 971322067 18964
4401
76868
55129
23120
174854
197810955
24590 22875
84634
3823125851
Table 6: Statewise comparison of no. of women with credit accounts (credit limit above Rs 2 lakhs) under all scheduled commercial banks in India as on 31st March 2006
No. of women with bank accounts
Source: Ministry of Women and Child Development.(2009)
2347
53
1119
470
142 63
11341374
483
1878
7 125 8198
14171266
226
Chart 6.1: No. Of women having operational land holdings(in thousands) during agricultural census 2000-
01
No. Of women having operational land holdings
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
40.4
60.9
32.736.6
41.7 39.235.2
47.2
29.4
45.4
70.4
41.837.4
22.8
48.8
33.7
23.9
Chart 6.2: Inter-state comparison of percentage of married women who participate in household
decisions(%)Currently married women who participate in household de-cisions(%)
Source:Ministry of Women and Child Development(2009)
Source: NFHS-3(2005-06)
Sex ratio and incidence of crimes committed against women are used as a social indicators reflecting how much
woman as a human-being enjoy the right of survival, protection and development in the society.
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
992 954 916 918 877974 968
1084930 925 975 978
893 926995
908 947
Chart 8: Inter-state comparison of Sex-ratio (2011)
Sex-ratio(2011) (no. of females per 1000 males)
Andhr
a
Assam
Bihar
Gujar
at
Harya
na
Himac
hal
Karna
taka
Keral
aM
.P
Mah
aras
htra
Mizo
ram
Odish
a
Punja
b
Rajas
than
Tamil
U.P
Wes
t Ben
gal
21.8
33.3
5.2
14.7 17.1
32.740.1
13.8 16.8
26.4
15.321.3
17.4
33.7
11.6 12.5
Chart 7: Inter-state comparison of percentage of women employed to total employed in organised sec-
tor; 2009.Percentage of women employed to total em-ployment
Source: Directorate of General Employment and Training, Ministry of Labour ;(2009)
Source: Census of India,2011 (Provisional Data)
Sl
No
State Rape Kidnapping and
abduction
Dowry
deaths
Molestation Sexual
harassment
Immoral
Traffic
Prevention
Act
Cruelty
by
husband
1 Andhra 1188 1526 546 5147 3520 279 11297
2 Assam 1631 2092 170 1342 10 37 4398
3 Bihar 929 1986 1295 726 12 40 2532
4 Gujarat 433 1162 24 727 114 41 5506
5 Haryana 603 659 281 451 605 90 2617
6 Himachal
Pradesh
183 122 1 318 37 5 284
7 Karnataka 509 408 264 2186 64 329 3185
8 Kerala 568 173 20 2540 395 314 4007
9 M.P 2998 841 858 6307 728 19 3983
10 Maharashtra 1483 926 341 3196 1099 271 7681
11 Mizoram 83 -- -- 61 1 1 4
12 Odisha 1023 799 384 2697 210 14 2047
13 Punjab 511 513 126 319 33 59 1061
14 Rajasthan 1519 2310 436 2485 24 62 10371
15 Tamil Nadu 596 1133 194 1242 501 716 1460
16 U.P 1759 5078 2232 2782 2524 39 8566
17 West Bengal 2336 2187 506 1942 108 63 16112
Table 9: Statewise incidence of crime committed against women during 2009
Source: National Crime Record Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs;2009
Different schemes that are implemented by Assam government for uplifting women status:
Janani Suraksha Yojana
Majoni Scheme
Janani Sishu Suraksha Karyakram
Grants in aid to Assam state Commission for women to provide legal help to women in
distress.
Financial incentives under Nabau and Baideu Schemes
National Bowari Scheme
Anganwadi Karjakatay Bima yojana
Sawaymsidha
Some Suggestions for improving status of women in Assam:
• Value based education, self –defence courses for girls, skill developing courses should be
introduced in the curriculum.
•Training for employment and for other income generating activities with the aim of
making women economically independent.
•Every educated youth has a great role to play in creating awareness among women
about their rights through campaigns in remote areas.
•Maternity care facilities need to be improved
•Education is utmost necessary for each and every girl child.
Conclusion:
The status of women in Assam is quite satisfactory in terms of women who have
access to all needs and opportunities of life but there are still a major section who
receive deprivation and discrimination in every steps of life. Every women should
unite together to stand against the social evils. The status of women would be
improve in real sense only when society’s attitude towards women change and
when each women are treated and respected as an equally human being.