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Presented by Kinde Getnet, Nancy Johnson, Jemimah Njuki, Don Peden and Katherine Snyder at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011.
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Water for a food-secure world
Addressing Livelihoods within the Landscape in the Nile Basin
Kinde Getnet, Nancy Johnson, Jemimah Njuki, Don Peden, Katherine Snyder
Nile Basin Development ChallengeScience and Reflection WorkshopAddis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Defining livelihoodsLivelihoods can be:
urban or rural
farming, pastoral, fishing A livelihood system comprises the capabilities, gendered, age-defined (including both material and social resources) sustainable, assets and activities required for a means of resilient living.
The livelihoods approach is:
“a direct response to the disappointing results of former approaches in devising effective policies to alleviate poverty, such as those based on income, consumption criteria or basic needs.” (de Haan and Zoomers, 2005)
Livelihoods’ five capitals: human (education, health..), social (networks), financial (cash, credit), natural (land, trees, water), physical (infrastructure, equipment)
Moving beyond the capitals: Livelihoods are mediated by social-institutional processes. Livelihoods and environment mutually constituting to create a landscape.
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Livelihoods Framework(below from Scoones 2009)
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Strengths and weaknesses
Strengths• Move beyond technical fix approach and assumptions of progress brought by
neo-liberal reform• Multidisciplinary• Holistic: attention to context, complexity and diversity, livelihood portfolios
Weaknesses• Tendency to “crunch rural livelihoods into category of agricultural and natural
resource management based strategies” (Bebbington, 1999) which leaves out attention to importance of other non-rural strategies.
• Focus on the local left out attention to processes of globalization• Lack of sufficient attention to power and politics• Difficulty in dealing with change – global (climate change, markets) and long-
term shifts in rural economies
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Expanding the analysis
• Dealing with scale: from local (and within local) to district to regional to national
• Including meaning and perception:– What are the local meanings attached to the five capitals/assets
and how do these meanings affect choices and decisions?– How do people perceive development and RWM (resilience,
sustainability, etc) and what do they want to achieve?
• Grappling with livelihoods trajectories: which direction are livelihoods (and whose) headed and how do we assign values to that direction?
• Incorporating power: culture, institutions, governance
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Dealing with scale
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Context
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Issues across scales
• Networks and social capital (pursuing livelihood strategies through social relations; rural/urban migration)
• Looking for the global (national, regional, district) in the local (crop and input prices, decentralization policies, trade barriers, discourses and ideologies of development)
• Power and politics: who wins, who loses, decentralization policies, national investment plans
• Value chains (chat, rural/urban markets)• Resource flows: livestock, money, trees, etc• Institutions
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Key Elements and Research Questions in Nile Basin Sites
• Landscape patterns: diversification of resources across the landscape (a diversity index?)– What are farmers’ diversification practices?– How do these practices affect livelihoods and land use?– How does diversification affect adoption of RWM practices?– How does diversification affect the environment and water resources?
• Labor patterns: by gender, age, group, season, space– What are the labor patterns over time and space within the sites and
how might these patterns affect RWM adoption?
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Research Questions cont’d
• Asset base: security of land and other NR tenure, land rentals patterns, multiple uses/values of livestock– How does the household asset mix affect ability of farmers to
adopt?
• Migration and movement across space– How does migration and movement of people and livestock
affect livelihoods. How might they affect RWM?
• Patterns of stratification– How does social differentiation affect RWM?– Which segments of the community are most likely to benefit from
RWM?
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Perceptions and Value
• What are local perceptions of RWM? • What do farmers (male, female, young, old)
perceive to be their principal livelihood constraints and opportunities?
• How do the ways in which farmers value their resources and assets affect their willingness to adopt changed practices?
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Challenging Issues
• Understanding long-term change (agrarian economy, climate change, etc.)
• Targeting (life-cycle issues, gender, power): who, when and how
• Integration with other project components (modeling, etc.)
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Questions for Debate
• Who should we target for interventions and what criteria should we use to identify them (land size, vulnerability, gender etc.?)
• How do we integrate (sequencing issues, indicators, data needs) the livelihoods work with the rest of the project (and modelers, mappers, process people)?
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Questions
• What are the key gender issues (access to land, division of labor, etc) to consider to achieve the goal of improved livelihoods and environmental sustianability?
• How do we integrate gender into the innovation platforms, the action research, the modeling and the mapping?
Water for a food-secure worldWater for a food-secure world
Questions
• What changes do you think the project will achieve at the landscape, farm scale and what are the implications for household livelihoods within the time frame of the project ?
• What should the project do to increase its impact at the landscape, farm and household level within the time frame of the project?