Anatomy Project

Tissues

• Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related functions

• Four primary tissues include: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

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Epithelial Tissues• A sheet if cells that

covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

• Forms the outer layer of the skin and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory system

• Covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity

Simple CuboidalStratified Pseudostratified

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Epithelial Tissues

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Simple Epithelial• Composed of a

single layer. • Typically found

where absorption and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable.

Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified

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Muscle Tissue

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Simple Squamous

• Flattened laterally and their cytoplasm is sparse, with a disc shaped central nuclei

• It is the simplest of the epithelia

• Can be found in the kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels


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Muscle Tissue

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Simple Columnar

• Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei

• Some of the cells bear cilia, and may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands


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Muscle Tissue

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Simple Cuboidal

• Consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide

• Have a spherical central nuclei


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Muscle Tissue

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Pseudostratified

• Single layer of cells of different heights with some not reaching the surface

• Main function is to secrete and propel mucus


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Muscle Tissue

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Stratified Epithelial Tissue

• Contain two or more layers

• Are more durable than simple epithelial tissues, making their major role protection

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Squamous Cuboidal Transitional Muscle Tissue

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Stratified Squamous

• The most widespread of the stratified epithelia

• Composed of several very thick layers and is well suited for protecting the body

• The basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, while the surface cells are flattened like squamous cells

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Stratified Cuboidal

• Quit rare in the body, and is mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands including: sweat glands and mammary glands

• Typically have two layers of cuboidal cells

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Transitional Epithelial Tissue

• Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal

• Its basal cells can be cuboidal or columnar

• Surface cells are dome shaped or squamous depending on the degree of organ stretch

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Connective Tissues

• Found everywhere in the body

• Consists of four main types: proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood

• Common characteristics include common origin, degree of vascularity, and the extra cellular matrix

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Proper Bone BloodCartilage

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Proper Connective Tissue

• Divided into subclasses, loose and dense

• It includes areolar, adipose, and reticular

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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular

Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Areolar • Functions include

supporting and binding other tissues, holding body fluids, defending against infection, and storing nutrients as fat

• Made up of a gel like matrix, which includes fibroblasts, flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped.

• Wraps and cushions organs

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Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Adipose• Similar to areolar tissue

in structure and function, but is much better at storing nutrients

• Made up of closely packed adipocytes, fat cells, with a large nucleus pushed to the side by a large fat droplet

• Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports, and protects organs

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Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Reticular• Resembles areolar

connective tissue, but only the fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which forms a more delicate matrix

• Reticular cells are scattered along the matrix as well as fibroblasts

• Reticular tissues are limited to certain parts of the body

• Can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

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Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Dense Regular

• Mainly consists of fibers.

• Made up of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, making its structure very flexible.

• Major cell type is fibroblasts. Makes up tendons and most ligaments.

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Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Dense Irregular• Has same structure as

dense regular, although the bindles of collagen are much thicker and run in one plane

• Found in body where tension is exerted from many different directions

• It can be found in skin and forms fibrous joint capsules

• It also helps form fibrous coverings that surround some organs

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Dense Irregular

ConnectiveTissues

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Cartilage• Can stand up to tension

and compression, and has qualities in between connective tissue and bone.

• It is tough but flexible; it lacks nerve fibers and is vascular

• Receives its nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels, and is made up of up to 80% water

• Since it is avascular and aging cartilage cells lose their ability to dived, causing the cartilage to heal slowly

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Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage ConnectiveTissues

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Hyaline• Is the most abundant type

of cartilage in the body, and although it contains large numbers of collagen fibers, the amorphous appears glassy and blue with white by the eye

• It provides firm support with some pliability; it forms springy pads that absorb compression at joints

• It can be found in most of the embryonic skeleton and forms costal cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

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Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage ConnectiveTissues

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Elastic

• Nearly identical to hyaline cartilage, although elastic cartilage has many more elastin fibers

• Can be found where strength and exceptional stretch ability are needed

• It forms the external ear as well as the epiglottis

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Hyaline Elastic FibrocartilageConnective

Tissues

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Fibrocartilage• It forms a perfect structure

in between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue

• Its matrix is similar to hyaline cartilage but it less firm, and is made up of thick collagen fibers

• Its main function is to absorb compressive shock

• It can be found in the invertible discs of the spine, pubic symphysis, and the discs of the knee joint

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Hyaline Elastic FibrocartilageConnective

Tissues

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Bone (Osseous Tissue)• Has an exceptional ability to

support and protect the body structure.

• Also bones of the skeleton provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.

• It is made up of a hard calcified matrix, which contains many collagen fibers.

• It is also very well vascularized.

• Its main function is to support and protect and also provide levers for the muscles to act on.

• It stores minerals and fat, and inside the bone is the site for blood cell formation.

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ConnectiveTissuesBone

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Blood• The fluid within blood vessels is

the most atypical connective tissue.

• It does not connect or give mechanical support to anything.

• It is classified as a connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma.

• The majority of blood cells are red blood cells but there are also white blood cells, which make up a fluid like matrix.

• Their function is too transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Its location is contained within the blood cells.

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ConnectiveTissuesBlood

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Nervous Tissue• Is the main component

of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• Its main purpose is to regulate and control body functions

• It is made up of neurons which are branching cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

• They can be found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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Nervous Tissue

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Muscle Tissue• Highly cellular well

vascularized tissues and are responsible for most types of body movement.

• They are composed of myofilaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.

• Is divided into three kinds: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue

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Skeletal Muscle• Tissue is packed by

connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton.

• It is made up of long cylindrical cells, and their function is to help with voluntary movement,

• locomotion facial expression, and voluntary control.

• It can be located in the skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

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Cardiac Muscle

• Found only in the wall of the heart.

• Its contractions help to propel blood thorough the blood vessels to all parts of the body.

• They structurally are uninucleate, and have branching cells that fit tightly together.

• Also made up of stritrations.

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Smooth Muscle

• Cells have no visible striations, are spindle shaped, and contain one centrally located nucleus

• Its cells are arranged closely to form sheets

• Its function is to propel substances along internal passageways

• Their location is mostly in the walls of hollow organs

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CreditsCreated by:

Brianna CheckAnatomy/ M1

October11, 2007

Special Thanks for Photos from users of flickr.com:Cristi’s PhotosDavid & MitchJaime & Tyler

Angeline & AshleyLydia & KaitlinGreenflames09

AkayRoxy & Sam

Music Provided by:Strings Ensemble

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Haven't Learned Enough Click Here! Learn more by clicking on the different types!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue

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