B I O T E C N O L O G I A

Biotechnology Biotechnology Weekend for Weekend for

TeachersTeachers

Bill HallBill Hall

University of DelawareUniversity of Delaware

February, 2006February, 2006

What is What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology?

Technology is a means of solving a problemTechnology is a means of solving a problem

It includes more than science – history-economics – math - It includes more than science – history-economics – math - society/issuessociety/issues

Provides the foundation for improving our choices about health and Provides the foundation for improving our choices about health and community community

Biotechnology is defined by the US government as any technique that Biotechnology is defined by the US government as any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products, to improve plants and animals or to develop microorganisms products, to improve plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. for specific uses.

Traditional BiotechnologyTraditional Biotechnology

Probably in use with Probably in use with the beginning of the beginning of civilization.civilization.– Selective breeding of Selective breeding of

plants and animals plants and animals like corn or wolves like corn or wolves to dogs.to dogs.

– Use of Use of microorganisms to microorganisms to make milk into make milk into cheese or yogurt or cheese or yogurt or wheat to bread. wheat to bread.


– Use of Use of microorganisms to microorganisms to make milk into make milk into cheese or yogurt or cheese or yogurt or wheat to bread. wheat to bread.

– Beer made by the Beer made by the woman of the woman of the house like bead. house like bead. Often drank three Often drank three times a day. Sour times a day. Sour tasting (Kirlin beer, tasting (Kirlin beer, dark and 10%) dark and 10%)

Modern BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology

Modern biotechnology Modern biotechnology deals more with the deals more with the treatment of ailments treatment of ailments and alteration of and alteration of organisms to better organisms to better human life. human life.

Based on the Based on the possibility to change possibility to change genetic information in genetic information in the target organism the target organism for a desired direction.for a desired direction.

The Delaware Biotechnology Institute

BC BiotechnologyBC Biotechnology

300,000 BC fermentation of fruit and 300,000 BC fermentation of fruit and sapsap

5000 BC5000 BC– Greeks culture grapes and make wineGreeks culture grapes and make wine

4000 BC4000 BC– Classical biotechnology: Dairy farming Classical biotechnology: Dairy farming

develops in the Middle East; Egyptians develops in the Middle East; Egyptians use yeasts to bake 50 kinds of leavened use yeasts to bake 50 kinds of leavened bread and to make wine.bread and to make wine.

BC BiotechnologyBC Biotechnology

4000 BC4000 BC– In China, other fermentation processes In China, other fermentation processes

are discovered, such as the use of lactic are discovered, such as the use of lactic acid bacteria to make yoghurt and acid bacteria to make yoghurt and moulds to produce cheese, and the use moulds to produce cheese, and the use of fermentation to make vinegar, soy of fermentation to make vinegar, soy sauce and wine. sauce and wine.


3,000 BC - Peruvians 3,000 BC - Peruvians select and cultivate select and cultivate potatoes. potatoes.

1540 AD – First 1540 AD – First Europeans Europeans introduced to introduced to potatoes potatoes


1750 BC – 1750 BC – Babylonians & Babylonians & Sumerians brew Sumerians brew beerbeer

1500 BC - Acidic 1500 BC - Acidic cooking leads to cooking leads to sauerkraut and sauerkraut and yogurt; Aztecs make yogurt; Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina cakes from Spirulina algae in lakes. algae in lakes. Roman Wine bottle 550 AD

BCBC 500 Chinese use moldy soybean 500 Chinese use moldy soybean

curds to treat boilscurds to treat boils 500 Europeans discover salting 500 Europeans discover salting

which leads to curing and pickling to which leads to curing and pickling to preserve foods preserve foods

250 Greeks practice crop rotation to 250 Greeks practice crop rotation to maximize fertility.maximize fertility.

100 Powdered chrysanthemum is 100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used as an insecticide in Chinaused as an insecticide in China

AD: before 20AD: before 20thth Century Century

1590 - 1590 - Microscope Microscope invented by invented by Johannes Johannes JansenJansen

1663 – Cells described by Hooke;Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers protozoa & bacteria.

1797 – Edward Jenner innoculates a child with a viral vaccine -

1800s1800s 1833 – Cell nucleus 1833 – Cell nucleus

discovered; first discovered; first enzymes discovered.enzymes discovered.

1855 – E. coli bacterium 1855 – E. coli bacterium discovered, later discovered, later becomes a major becomes a major research, development research, development and production tool and production tool

PasteurizationPasteurization

1861 1861 Pasteurization is Pasteurization is invented by Louis invented by Louis PasteurPasteur– Milk is heated above Milk is heated above

145° F for at least 30 145° F for at least 30 minutes, and then minutes, and then quickly cooled. quickly cooled.

MendelMendel

1865 - Austrian 1865 - Austrian botanist and botanist and monk Gregor monk Gregor Mendel describes Mendel describes his experiments his experiments in heredity, in heredity, founding the founding the field of genetics field of genetics

1800s1800s1869 – Johann Friedrich1869 – Johann Friedrich Miescher Miescher

discovers DNA in trout spermdiscovers DNA in trout sperm

1879 – Walther Flemming discovers 1879 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin in the nucleus that later chromatin in the nucleus that later come to be called chromosomes. come to be called chromosomes.

1879 - William James Beal is credited 1879 - William James Beal is credited with crossbreeding corn to make with crossbreeding corn to make the first hybrid corn.the first hybrid corn.

1883 – Louis Pasteur and his 1883 – Louis Pasteur and his colleagues developed the first colleagues developed the first crude rabies vaccine based on crude rabies vaccine based on attenuated virus from desiccated attenuated virus from desiccated nerve tissue.nerve tissue. the first rabies the first rabies vaccine is developedvaccine is developed

First half of the 20First half of the 20thth century century 1902 – the term immunology first appears1902 – the term immunology first appears

1906 – the term genetics is introduced1906 – the term genetics is introduced

1907 – first in vivo culture of animal cells1907 – first in vivo culture of animal cells

1909 – genes are linked with hereditary 1909 – genes are linked with hereditary disease.disease.

1911 – first cancer-causing virus discovered1911 – first cancer-causing virus discovered

First half of the 20First half of the 20thth century century

1914 – Bacteria used to treat 1914 – Bacteria used to treat sewage. sewage.

Origin of termOrigin of term

The term "biotechnology" was coined The term "biotechnology" was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky, a Hungarian in 1919 by Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer.engineer.

Refers to agricultural processes like Refers to agricultural processes like

cheese, yoghurt, wine, beer and cheese, yoghurt, wine, beer and bread products.bread products.


1927 – Hermann J. Muller 1927 – Hermann J. Muller discovers that x-rays discovers that x-rays cause mutations.cause mutations.

In 1928 Alexander Fleming In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical was considered a medical miracle. miracle.


1942 – 1942 – electron electron microscope microscope used to used to identify a identify a bacteriaphage.bacteriaphage.

1944 – DNA is shown to be material substance in a gene.1944 – DNA is shown to be material substance in a gene.

1950 to 19601950 to 1960 1951 Barbara McClintock 1951 Barbara McClintock

discover transposable discover transposable elements, or jumping genes in elements, or jumping genes in corn.corn.

1953 – James Watson & Francis 1953 – James Watson & Francis Crick reveal the three Crick reveal the three dimensional structure of DNA.dimensional structure of DNA.

Cell culturing techniques are Cell culturing techniques are developed.developed.

1957 – Sickle Cell Anemia 1957 – Sickle Cell Anemia shown to be the result of a shown to be the result of a single genesingle gene

Barbara McClintock

James Watson & Francis Crick

1970s1970s

Dr. Stanly Cohen (left) and Dr. Herbert Boyer

1975 - Colony hybridization and Southern blotting are developed for detecting specific DNA sequences. Simply a way to determine genomes.

1973 – Cohen & Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment using bacterial genes.

1970s1970s

1976 The tools of recombinant DNA are 1976 The tools of recombinant DNA are first applied to a human inherited disorder.first applied to a human inherited disorder.

Molecular hybridization is used for the Molecular hybridization is used for the prenatal diagnosis of Alpha thalassemia prenatal diagnosis of Alpha thalassemia (anemia).(anemia).

Yeast genes are expressed in E. coli Yeast genes are expressed in E. coli bacteria.bacteria.

1970s1970s 19771977 Genetically Genetically

engineered bacteria are engineered bacteria are used to synthesize human used to synthesize human growth protein.growth protein.

19781978 North Carolina North Carolina scientists Clyde scientists Clyde Hutchinson and Marshall Hutchinson and Marshall Edgell show it is possible Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific to introduce specific mutations at specific sites mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.in a DNA molecule.

19791979 The first The first monoclonal antibodies monoclonal antibodies are produced.are produced.widely used as diagnostic widely used as diagnostic and research reagents and research reagents

19801980

•The U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, approves the principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms.

•The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer.

1980s1980s

19811981 The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created by the state's The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created by the state's

General Assembly as the nation's first state-sponsored initiative General Assembly as the nation's first state-sponsored initiative to develop biotechnology. Thirty-five other states follow with to develop biotechnology. Thirty-five other states follow with biotechnology centers of various kinds.biotechnology centers of various kinds.

The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed.The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed.

The first genetically engineered plant is reported.The first genetically engineered plant is reported.

Wakame, the first mouse cloned

1980s1980s 19821982 Humulin, Humulin,

Genentech's human Genentech's human insulin drug produced insulin drug produced by genetically by genetically engineered bacteria for engineered bacteria for the treatment of the treatment of diabetes, is the first diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be biotech drug to be approved by the Food approved by the Food and Drug and Drug Administration.Administration.Prior was taken from Prior was taken from dead pigs/cows.dead pigs/cows.

Humulin--synthetic insulin

1980s1980s

19831983 The Polymerase The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived. technique is conceived. PCR, which uses heat PCR, which uses heat and enzymes to make and enzymes to make unlimited copies of unlimited copies of genes and gene genes and gene fragments, later fragments, later becomes a major tool becomes a major tool in biotech research and in biotech research and product development product development worldwide.worldwide.

•The first genetic transformation of plant cells by TI plasmids is performed.

1980s1980s

19841984 The DNA fingerprinting The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed.technique is developed.

The first genetically The first genetically engineered vaccine is engineered vaccine is developed.developed.

1980s1980s 19861986 The first field tests of genetically The first field tests of genetically

engineered plants (tobacco) are conducted.engineered plants (tobacco) are conducted. Ortho Biotech's Orthoclone OKT3, used to fight Ortho Biotech's Orthoclone OKT3, used to fight

kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the first monoclonal antibody treatment.first monoclonal antibody treatment.

The first genetically engineered human vaccine, Chiron's Recombivax HB, is approved for the prevention of hepatitis B.

1980s1980s 19871987 Humatrope is developed for treating human growth Humatrope is developed for treating human growth

hormone deficiency.hormone deficiency.

Advanced Genetic Sciences' Frostban, a genetically altered Advanced Genetic Sciences' Frostban, a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium.authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium.

1980s1980s 19881988 Congress funds Congress funds

the Human Genome the Human Genome Project, a massive effort Project, a massive effort to map and sequence to map and sequence the human genetic code the human genetic code as well as the genomes as well as the genomes of other species. Started of other species. Started as a 15 years project but as a 15 years project but was completed in 13. was completed in 13. Why?Why?

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

1980s1980s Microorganisms are Microorganisms are

used to clean up the used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil Exxon Valdez oil spill.spill.

The gene The gene responsible for responsible for cystic fibrosis is cystic fibrosis is discovered. discovered.

Stem cell culture Stem cell culture techniques techniques developeddeveloped

Blastula

1990s1990s

19941994 Genentech's Nutropin is Genentech's Nutropin is approved for the treatment of growth approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.hormone deficiency.

The first breast cancer gene is The first breast cancer gene is discovered.discovered.

The BCRA1 molecule: Linked to breast cancer

1994 - The first full gene sequence of Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato, engineered to resist rotting, is approved for sale. Before Flavr Savr tomatoes were picked green and shipped.

1990s1990s

1995 - First full gene sequence of a living organism other than a virus is completed for the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae.

Humans have 25,000 to 30,000 genes

Fruit fly 13,000

Estimated that 265 to 400 needed for viable life form

We now know the complete DNA sequences for about a dozen bacteria

Bacteria seem to need about 500 to 5000 genes to conduct their lives

1990s1990s 19951995 The first baboon- The first baboon-

to-human bone marrow to-human bone marrow transplant is performed transplant is performed on an AIDS patient.on an AIDS patient.

The first full gene The first full gene sequence of a living sequence of a living organism other than a organism other than a virus is completed for virus is completed for the bacterium the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae.Hemophilus influenzae.

Jeff Getty recieves baboon bone marrow transplant

1990s1990s Human skin is produced in Human skin is produced in

vitro.vitro.

Embryonic stem cells are Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue used to regenerate tissue and create disorders and create disorders mimicking diseases.mimicking diseases.

The first complete animal The first complete animal genome for an elegans genome for an elegans worm is sequenced worm is sequenced Nematode.Nematode.

A rough draft of the human A rough draft of the human genome map is produced, genome map is produced, showing the locations of showing the locations of more than 30,000 genes.more than 30,000 genes.

1990s1990s

19991999 The complete The complete genetic code of the genetic code of the human chromosome human chromosome is first deciphered.is first deciphered.

The rising tide of The rising tide of public opinion in public opinion in Europe brings Europe brings biotech food into the biotech food into the spotlight.spotlight.

2000 and Beyond2000 and Beyond 20002000 A rough draft of A rough draft of

the human genome is the human genome is completed by Celera completed by Celera Genomics and the Genomics and the Human Genome Project.Human Genome Project.

Pigs are the next animal Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers, cloned by researchers, hopefully to help hopefully to help produce organs for produce organs for human transplant.human transplant.

20012001 The sequence of the human genome The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature, making is published in Science and Nature, making it possible for researchers all over the it possible for researchers all over the world to begin developing treatments.world to begin developing treatments.

Scheduled for 15 years took 13.Scheduled for 15 years took 13. IdentifyIdentify all the approximately 20,000- all the approximately 20,000-

30,000 genes in human DNA, down from 30,000 genes in human DNA, down from 100,000.100,000.

DetermineDetermine the sequences of the 3 billion the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that chemical base pairs that

2000 and Beyond2000 and Beyond


"Golden Rice," modified to make vitamin A, promises to help third-world countries alleviate blindness.


2002 2002 Scientists Scientists complete the draft complete the draft sequence of the sequence of the most important most important pathogen of rice, pathogen of rice, “rice blast” a fungus “rice blast” a fungus that destroys that destroys enough rice to feed enough rice to feed 60 million people 60 million people annually. Kills 150 annually. Kills 150 million tons a year.million tons a year.


2003 2003 Dolly, the cloned Dolly, the cloned sheep that made headlines sheep that made headlines in 1997, Dolly was the first in 1997, Dolly was the first successful clone of a successful clone of a mammal from an adult mammal from an adult (udder) cell.(udder) cell.

Sheep live 10-16 yearsSheep live 10-16 years Dolly lived 6 yearsDolly lived 6 years Arthritis and progressive Arthritis and progressive

lung diseaselung disease