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Water Management for Permanent Shelters for
for the Tribes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands after Tsumani (2004)
By
Badrinath KPrerna Aggarwal
IIT Roorkee
92°
NICOBAR ISLANDS
Port Blair
ANDAMAN ISLANDS
TSUNAMI 26.12.2004
An earthquake of magnitude (RICHTER scale) location : the Indian OceanTotal Deaths : (According to US geologic survey)
9.0
283,100
background...
Site : A Hypothetical Housing
: Post Tsumani
permanent housing
: Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
Significance
Region
Challenges : More than just water harvesting ....
The Weather
Daily averagemin/max °C
temperatures
Wind
Rainfallin mm
January
February
March
April
May
JuneJuly
August
September
November
December
OctoberWINTER
MONSOON
SUMMERMONSOON
23-29
22-30
23-31
26-32
24-31
24-29 24-29
24-29
24-29
24-29
24-29
23-29
N-NE5 knots
N-NElight
variable light
W-SWsqually
highlyvariable
N-NEvariable
N-NE5 knots
N-NElight
W-SWsqually
W-SWsqually
W-SWsqually
W-SWsqually
157 29
26
23
71
363569435
516
329
205
436
water situation analysis...
Absence of Perennial Streams
Islands receive plenty of rainfall for atleast 8 months of the year.
T h e r e f o r e t h e m a x i m u m dependency is on the fresh water received from the rainfall which is pure and free of contamination.
The groundwater became saline due to reach of sea in the lands, bringing with it a lot of salts and taking the top fertile layer of the land down the slope.
The large net works of pipes are broken breaking the system , so w a t e r s u p p l y t h r o u g h conventional piping system has failed
Due to high rainfall the soil has low infiltration rates , So Efficient means to manage grey water and black water
Since the Sea brought a lot of saline into the inlands and sweeping back top fertile
layer rendering irrigation helpless,
-Cultivation of salt tolerant rice varieties
-Diversification of rice crop to vegetables.
-Multi-enterprise agriculture comprising of saline aquaculture, salt tolerant forest and
fruit trees, grasses, medicinal and aromatic crops etc.
-Use of soil binding salt tolerant grasses and tree species (Casuarina, coconut,
banana etc.) also providing fodder to cattle.
Recommendations for Post Tsunami,
Recommendations...
Harvesting at Domestic level for Domestic Purposes
Harvesting at Communal Level for Revenue Generation
Reuse of Grey Water for plantation after RZ Treatment
Anaerobic Digestion of Faeces - reuse as a fertilizer
Generation of Liquid Fertilizer from Urine
Water Management Scheme...
24 sqm
9 sqm
36 sqm
10 sqm10 sqm
6 sqm
Frontyard
Total Catchment Area : 85 sq m for each unit
Entry Entry
36 sqm
10 sqm
24 sqm
6 sqm
9 sqm 9 sqm
Sizes of Different Areas for Rain Catchment
Harvesting for Domestic Purpose...
Water consumed per household per day = 80 l
No. of Family members in a house = 5
Total water consumed per day = 80 l x 5 = 400 l
Total water consumed per year = 400 l x 365 = 146,000 l
Total water consumed per day = 80 l x 5 = 400 l
Area of Catchment (A) = 85 sqm
Average Annual Rainfall (A) = 3000 mm
Run off Coefficient (C) = 0.6
Annual Water Harvesting Potential = 153,000 l
Annual Water Harvesting Potential > Total water consumed per year
rain water analysis...
tank capacity...
Let No. of Family members in a house = 5
No. of Days during the dry season = 100
Drinking Water = 10 liters per person per day
No. of liters per day = 50 liters
No. of liters of drinking water required for the dry season = 50 liters x 100 days
= 5000 liters
Additional Safety factor of 20%= 1000 liters
Capacity of tank required = 6000 liters
Therefore each house is provided with two tanks of 3200 litres each
Cost of each tank is 1100 - 1200 Bhat ( Provided by UNESCO )
Expected Cost for each tank = 1320 - 1440 Rs
Average Expected Cost for each tank = 1380 Rs
Annual Water Harvesting Potential = 153,000 l
Amount spent by family = 1380 x 2 = Rs 3760
Amount spent by per liter at the end of first year = 3760/153000 = Rs 0.024
Composition of level filter- easy to construct
domestic
20 cm gravel layer
30 cm sand layer
20 cm gravel layer
Porous bed
Plug removed after rain to drain off first flush water sediment
Inlet pipeLarge Diameter pipe to retain the first flush water
Every house is to be provided with 2 tanks of 3200 l each tank , which can be installed at a price of around Rs 1300-Rs 1400
Down pipe made of bamboo atleast 100 mm diameter (provided with a 20 mesh wire screen at the inlet to prevent dry leaves and other debris from entering it).
1.5 m wide
Bamboo gutter 15 cm dia
Roof
Fix the gutter holders with ropeor iron wire or nails
TREE TWIG
cutting plane
Part of twig to be cut Part of twig for fixing to rafter
Detail of the Gutter
Gutters have a uniform slope of 5 percent large enough to collect the heavy runoff from high-intensity rain.
Bamboo Gutters...
A Hypothetical Housing for a 120 Families affected in Tsunami is considered in the Region of Great Nicobar of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Improved Scheme ...
Sectional Detail of Jalkund
Earth rammed cushion of dry leaves
250 m LPED Sheet mLow Pressure Effluent Dosing
3.0 cm thick coat of dung and mud mortar
The Jalkund is made up of
?clay and cow-dung plastering
? 3–5 cm cushioning with dry pine leaf,
?laying down of 250 mm LDPE black
agri-film
? covering with 5–8 cm bamboo thatch.
Harvesting for Employment...
Concept of Jalkund
Seepage : No seepage upto 30,000 l
Evaporation :Can be minimized by
thatch roof ( 80 % reduction ) and
neem oil @10ml/sq m ( 40 % reduction )
4m5m
1.5 m
Each Jalkund has a capacity of 30,000 litres
The Water Stored in the Jalkund can be used for
Production of vegetables like tomato
Production of medicinal plants
Aquaculture and Duck rearing
Poultry
Piglets Rearing
Cattle Rearing
Flow chart showing diversified use of stored water during off-season.
Integrated homestead farming(Maintained with stored water in Jalkund)
Fish ProductionLive Stock ProductionCrop Production
Vegetables Field Crops Medicinal plants
Fish seedingling and Maturedfish Production
Pig Duck Poultry
Benefits of Jalkund
Concept of Jalkund
water capacity for cattle rearing...
Calculating amount of Water consumed by a Cow
Source : Research done in Oklahoma State University
Water Intake ( lbs /day )= 35.25 + 1.58 x ( Dry Matter Intake ) + 0.90 x ( Milk Yeild )
+ 0.11 ( Sodium intake gms/day + 2.65 (Weekly mean Temperature in fahrenheit )
Assuming a cow gives 20 litres of milk per day
Average mean temperature during dry season in Andaman = 26 deg C = 78.8 deg F ~ 80 deg F
Estimated Dry Matter Intake = 42 lbs/day
No. of Gallons of Water Intake =25.5 gallons / day
No. of litres of Water Intake =25.5 X 8.32 X 0.453 litres / day = 96.10 litres per day
Let us assume for every in every two houses one can afford a cow
Water Requirement during dry season = 96.1 x 100 = 96,100 for one cow
For 6 cows in a Row - Water Required = 576,600
Amount water received during the dry season = 150 mm
Water Required = 576,600 = 30,000 n + .15 x 20 x 1000 n
No. of tank required n = 16.47 ~ 17 No. of tanks provided n = 20
Water Requirement for different activities...
1 litre per day for 90 days
10 litre per day for 100 days
500 ml per day for 100 days
12000 l during stress period
96 l for 100 days
+1 litre / plant per day
250 sqm of Area
200 plants
10 x 100for days
Pig based harvesting...
For Medicinal plants like Alpina Galanga can be grown around the periphery, of Jalkund they don't require watering . They grow with the moisture content of the soil
+1 litre / plant per day
250 sqm of Area
200 plants
2 x
Fish and Duck based harvesting...
1000 fish seedling of 1 month age
25 fish of 5 month age
By this not only the farm income incresed but also the quality of water imporved
Grass Carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idella)and Golden hybrid tilapia
Cost of making a Jalkund (capacity 30,000 l)
Unit price Total price
Particulars (Rs) (Rs)
Digging expenses 30/m3 900 Plastering with clay 2.50/m2 120
Cushioning with pine leaf 2.50/m2 120
Lining with LDPE black agri film (250 mm) 40/m2 2880 Thatching 2/m2 60
Fencing 2/m 75 Insecticide, etc. – 50 Total – 4205
First year cost/l stored water – 0.14
Second year cost/l stored water – Nil Third year cost/l stored water – Nil
Average cost/l stored water – 0.046
Economic Impact Analysis...
Utilization of stored water in Jalkund (30,000 l capacity) during dry spell periods in diversified farm activities and its economic analysis
Net Benefit :
Farming Total water profit cost
activity requirement (l) Expenditure (Rs) Income (Rs) (Rs) ratio
Tomato– Tomato Pig Misc. Tomato Pig Jalkund Total Tomato Pig Total
pig use
18,000 10,000 2000 Hybrid seed – 500 Piglets – 5000 Making – 4205 14,205 3700 20,000 23,700 9495 1.67
Other inputs – 250 Feed – 4000 Polypipe – 250
Tomato– Tomato Poultry Misc. Tomato Poultry Jalkund Total Tomato Poultry Total
poultry use
18,000 5000 7000 Hybrid seed – 500 Chicks – 750 Making – 4205 10,955 3700 15,000 18,700 7745 1.71 (egg)
Other inputs – 250 Feed – 5000 Polypipe – 250 (egg) (egg) (egg)
12,000 15,700 4745 1.43 (meat)
(meat) (meat) (meat)
Tomato– Tomato Duck– Misc. Tomato Duck–fish Jalkund Total Tomato Duck–fish Total
du ck– fish use
fish 18,000 * – Hybrid seed – 500 Ducklings – 30 Making – 4205 5835 3700 1600 8800 2965 1.51
Other inputs – 250 Fish seed – 100 Polypipe – 250 (egg)
Feed – 500 2000
(fingerling)
1500
(mature fish)
*Not calculated.
Grey Water Treatment ...
sand layer
Horizontal Planted Filters
distribution trench fi l led with bigger stones or gravel
Main filter body filled with coarse gravel
Collection trench filled with bigger stones or gravel
perforated pipe connected to swivel pipe for adjustable height
Outlet chamber
Final outlet
Plants varieties that may be used Canna (kalvazhai) and Colacasia (seppankizhangu)
Black Water Treatment ...
Anal Cleasing Water
Urine
Dry Faeces + Ash
Roof Zone Treatment Plant
Compost
Vertical Filter
Liquid Fertilizer
Bath
Ash ContainerExhaust Pipe
Open able Metal covering
Faeces Pit
Grey water Store
Urine Store
Water ContainerLvl + 1.0 m
Lvl + 0.0 m
Plan at lvl + 1.5 m
Plan at lvl + 0.5 m