Batteries are the Problem, NOT THE SOLUTION

Batteries are the problem, NOT THE SOLUTION.

Batteries are the problem, NOT THE SOLUTION

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PREAMBLE

All manufacturers of electric cars think that the SOLUTION for electric cars is in the BATTERIES, so

they focus their main research to the development of new BATTERIES, hoping that one day they will

find the ideal battery that allows electric cars to compete with current mechanical cars.

There is also a manufacturer of electric cars which has published that he has found, in the combination of

"BATTERIES plus solar photovoltaic energy” the competitiveness in price per kWh with current

electric companies.

This document wants to demonstrate that the BATTERIES are the PROBLEM and not the solution,

regardless to the quality and cost that the BATTERIES can reach and the solar photovoltaic panels.

This document includes calculations of a 100kW photovoltaic solar installation, whose results can be

multiplied or divided by any entire number, being applicable to any installation of power from 10 kW to

500 Megawatts. For the calculations we have chosen a 100kW SINGLE PHASE installation, with the

only purpose of simplifying the calculations and their comparison with installations that use PWM

inverters.

The comparison with three-phase installations has greater advantages for Ortronic® due to the following

technical reasons:

In the current model of alternating electricity, the three-phase systems at 50 Hz, WYE connection,

which is the normal connection of the electric companies, are forced to put 3 half-cycles in each

phase in a circumference, which are 180 x 3 = 540 degrees. But the circumference has only 360

degrees, therefore there is an excess of 540 - 360 = 180 degrees.

The remaining 180 degrees are divided between the three phases, 180/3 = 60 degrees, and during

the 60 degrees of intersection between each two phases, the volts of the three intersections are

subtracted. For that reason, three phases of 220 volts, each phase, WYE connection, does not give

the sum 220 + 220 = 440 volts, it gives 380 volts, with a difference of 440 – 380 = 60 volts

multiplied by 3, 60 x 3 = 180 volts, which are the remaining volts. This fact represents a loss of

power and energy of 22%, but in Ortronic®

does not happen because we eliminate the

intersections between phases.

P1.- CONTINUOUS ELECTRICITY AND BATTERIES.

P.1.1- The Continuous electricity is universal electricity, discovered by the Greek philosopher Thales of

Miletus in 600 BC.

P1.2- The first battery was invented by Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, in 1800.

P1.3- All batteries store continuous electricity that can be used directly, chopped as the PWM inverters

do, and can be transformed into alternating electricity.

P.1.4- In the continuous electricity, chopped or not chopped, the power in kW is limited to the not

chopped continuous voltage multiplied by the intensity of the current, i.e. kW = V x I.


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P.1.5- Continuous electricity, when it is transformed into work, always has efficiency lower than 100%,

as discussed herein.

P2 ALTERNATING ELECTRICITY.

P2.1- Alternating electricity is not universal electricity and only exists on our planet since Tesla invented

it.

P2.2- Alternating electricity, used with inductive loads, is not transformed into work. It produces the

corresponding work of the inductive load and returns the alternating electricity taken from the source

according to Lenz's Law, being the return percentage directly proportional to the quality of the inductive

load.

P2.3- The energy returned by inductive loads is known as reactive energy and has a reactive power

KVAr defined by the following formula: = KVAr = VxIxQ, being Q the quality factor of the inductive

load whose value is determined by the following formula:

Q = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑅 =

2𝜋𝑓𝐿

0= ∞

Q acquires infinite value when the value of the ohmic resistance of the inductive load R is reduced to

zero, in which case the inductive load becomes the ideal load. In other words, the ideal electric motor,

according to Lenz's Law, returns a reactive power kVAr of the same value than the received power in

kW.

P3 THE ENGINE OF THE ADVANCE OF KNOWLEDGE.

P3.1- The Scientific Juan Ortigosa García, from the first years of high Bachelor of Science of six years,

attended two by two, plus the year of pre-university, dismissed the knowledge methodology based mainly

on mathematics, convinced of the need to change the established methodology. In his opinion, the only

true engine of knowledge is the Imagination. I strongly recommend to read the document: Juan

Ortigosa García - Experience in Marconi, USAF and NASA, that is annexed to this document.

P3.2- The KVAr power is a free power that we now can use thanks to the inventions of the Scientist Juan

Ortigosa García, as it is proved by the following procedure patents related below.

Country Number Type Situation Year

Spain 555.077 Procedure patent Approved 1987

USA 4.717.995 Procedure patent Approved 1988

Canada 1.291.528 Procedure patent Approved 1991

Europe 0248754 Procedure patent Approved 1993

The patents described above correspond to the first inventions of Ortigosa for the multiplication and

subsequent transformation of the reactive power KVAr into kW. Revolutionary inventions that

established "A new concept of alternating electricity."

P3.3- Revolutionary inventions provide revolutionary knowledge, generating new rules, principles, laws

and applications that extend the knowledge of science, always without contradicting the universal laws.


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P3.4- Universal Laws are immutable principles that give the origin and perfect order to

everything that exists in the universe. Albert Einstein.

P3.5- The most important revolutionary inventions of the Scientist Juan Ortigosa García are:

• Electric Power Multiplier or energy multiplier (EPM).

• Ortigosa Reactive Electricity (ORE).

• Ortigosa Reactive Electricity Generator (OREG).

P3.5.1- EPM is one of the great revolutionary inventions in the history of Earth. The only one that uses

all the energy that exists on inductive loads connected to alternating electricity, fulfilling the Universal

Law of energy conservation.

P3.5.2- ORE is the use of the reactive power KVAr generated by the inductive loads of low quality,

which are the only ones manufactured today, its multiplication and its subsequent transformation into kW.

P3.5.3- OREG uses multiple new dimensions, unknown by current Physics, making the largest source of

free energy, free in origin, unlimited, no pollution, available throughout the Universe, with the only cost

of OREG, guaranteeing alternating electricity at a very low cost for all the inhabitants of our galaxy.

OREG does not need an infinite Q to obtain all the mentioned advantages.

P4 THE GREAT LIMITATIONS OF THE PWM INVERTERS.

P4.1- The inductive loads connected to chopped continuous electricity, as in the case of PWM inverters,

do not generate reactive power KVAr, therefore it does not exist any reactive power, which is the only

free electricity generator known on our planet today. This fact demonstrates the incorrect and

inappropriate use of inductive loads, which also contradict the Universal Law of energy conservation,

because they use only a small part of the energy that exists in all inductive loads when are connected to

alternating electricity. To power properly the inductive loads with continuous electricity it is essential to

transform the continuous electricity into alternating electricity, as ORE system described in paragraph

P3.5.2. demonstrates.

P4.2- Any technician can verify that the inductive loads connected to PWM Inverters do not generate

reactive power and thus, there is no reactive energy, a fact that can be checked as follows:

P4.3- Connect a three-phase electric motor of any power, WYE or delta connection, to the electrical

GRID. The motor will rotate at the speed corresponding to the GRID frequency.

P4.4- Measure the kW and KVAr powers using a network analyzer and write down each value, which

will be the corresponding for the Q quality of the coils of the motor running with no load connected at its

axis.

P4.5- Disconnect the motor from the electric GRID and connect it to the output of a PWM Inverter,

powered by solar panels or batteries, in the same conditions as paragraph P4.3 and repeat the

measurements made in paragraph P4.4. The new measures unquestionably prove that inductive loads

connected to PWM Inverters do not generate reactive energy, which is the greatest loss of PWM

Inverters.


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P4.6 Calculations of a 100 kW Single Phase Photovoltaic Solar Installation.

For a better understanding of the differences between the Ortronic®

trademark multiple systems of

conversion and generation of electrical energy and the PWM Inverters, we will calculate the same

installation with each system, where will be quantified gains and losses of power and energy of each

system.

P5 Data of the Installation to calculate with a PWM Inverter.

Power of the Installation 100kW.

Photovoltaic Solar Panel Voltage, taken from a real installation 495.6 Volts DC.

Panels connection Rows connected in parallel.

Installation use Connected to the GRID.

Configuration of the Grid connection Single Phase.

PWM Inverter output voltage 220 Volts.

Photovoltaic Solar Panels connection To PWM Inverter.

PWM Inverter power 100 kW.

Maximum voltage at the PWM Inverter output 312 Volts.

PWM Inverter output wave shape Figure 1.

PWM Inverter output frequency 50 Hertz.

PWM Inverter efficiency Figure 2.

P5.1 Calculations of the Installation Gains and Losses.

P5.1.1- Losses due to the voltage difference at the panels. The voltage of 495.6V of the installation is

the voltage that the PWM Inverter needs to obtain a sine-wave, at the output of the filter, which has

certain similarity to the sinusoidal wave shape that is the wave shape of Tesla’s alternating electricity, as

can be seen at Figure 1. In reality it is the result of modulating a 50 Hertz sine-wave and maximum

amplitude of 312 volts by the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) modulator.

Figure 1. PWM Inverters wave shape.


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Picture 1. Ortronic

® power meter.

A)- The Voltage difference is 495,6-

312=183,6V, which transformed into

percentage over 495,6V is 37%. This

37% is the energy losses in all PWM

Inverters. Due to the PWM Inverter

the 100kW power of the photovoltaic

solar panels has been reduced to 63kW

before entering into the PWM Inverter.

B)- In Ortronic® we haven’t found a

portable power meter, in the world

market, that can measure with

precision, the power losses between

the output of the photovoltaic solar

panels and the PWM Inverter input.

The best power meters we found take

400,000 samples per second, which

are not enough, in consequence we

have designed a power meter that

takes 4,000,000 samples per second

and besides it also measures the real

power of any wave shape, measures

that are not possible to be taken even

with the Digital Oscilloscope

Tektronix DPO 3054 model.

The Ortronic® power meter is showed

in the picture at right.


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P5.1.2- Losses of the PWM Inverters, with no load connected and with loads connected. The losses

with no load connected and with different powers connected at their output are showed in the following

Figure 2.

Figure 2. Efficiency chart of the PWM Inverters.

As can be seen at Figure 2, the no load losses for a 100kW PWM inverter are 10kW. These losses must

be added to the power of any load connected at the output of the PWM Inverter, in the way showed in the

following table:

EFFICIENCY % kW CONNECTED kWh CONSUMED

92% 100 kW 110 kWh

76.1% 60 kW 70 kWh

65.2% 50 kW 60 kWh

54.3% 40 kW 50 kWh

43.5% 30 kW 40 kWh

32.6% 20 kW 30 kWh

21.7% 10 kW 20 kWh

0% No load 0 kW 10 kWh

Table 1.

P5.1.3- European Efficiency. It is an efficiency that has no relation with technic, it is an agreement

between parties in order to compensate the high energy losses in the PWM Inverters, which are the

responsible of the low efficiency of the photovoltaic solar installations and originate the following

commercial problems:

I. The photovoltaic solar installations connected to the electrical GRID are required by law to install a

bidirectional kWh meter which measures the energy delivered to the electrical GRID by the PWM

Inverter and also the energy that the PWM Inverter takes from the GRID for its internal

consumption.


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II. When the PWM Inverter consumes an amount of energy equal or higher than the delivered to the

electrical GRID, the owner of the installation disconnects his installation from the electrical GRID.

It is only connected to the electrical GRID when the amount of energy demanded by the GRID is

higher to a minimum amount higher than the consumed by the PWM Inverter. The efficiency of the

PWM Inverter corresponding to the minimum amount of energy delivered for which the PWM

inverter is automatically connected to the electrical GRID has been named as “European

Efficiency” that is the efficiency from which the PWM Inverters connected to the electrical

GRID work.

III. The European Efficiency is known by all the technical inspectors of the European Economic

Community who inspect all the photovoltaic solar installations, indispensable condition to authorize

the pay of the installations and corresponding grants.

P6 Calculations of the same Photovoltaic Solar Installation with a PWM Inverter

and BATTERIES.

P6.1- In this case the batteries GS YUASA CORPORATION, LEV50 model are inserted between the

photovoltaic solar panels and the PWM Inverter so the photovoltaic solar panels will charge the batteries

and the batteries will supply to the PWM Inverter.

P6.1.1- The PWM Inverter losses with no load and with loads connected are equal than in the case of the

installation with NO BATTERIES, therefore it is not necessary to repeat those calculations. The only

calculations that will be done are the corresponding to the insert of the batteries.

P6.2 Losses due to the charge and discharge of the Batteries.

P6.2.1- We have utilized BATTERIES model LEV50 manufactured by GS YUASA CORPORATION,

because we have checked their charge and discharge charts in an electric car that belongs to us, which is

showed in the following Picture 2.

Picture 2. Electric car, one of the more sold electric cars in Europe, on a rollers power bench, from

DYNO-RACE trademark, installed and put into operation by a specialized engineer from the

Italian Company.


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P6.2.2- The nominal voltage of these batteries is 3.75V and their charge and discharge charts, given by

the manufacturer and checked by Ortronic® are the following:

Figure 3. Charge chart of the LEV50 Batteries.

Figure 4. Discharge chart of the LEV50 Batteries.

P6.2.3- The charge voltage of the batteries is 4.10V, to deliver a nominal voltage of 3.75V, therefore the

losses due to the charge and discharge of the batteries are:

(4.1 − 3.75)

4.1 𝑥 100 = 8.53%

P6.2.4- In order to achieve the 495.6V required by the PWM Inverter to obtain the sine-wave showed at

Figure 1, the indispensable amount of required batteries is:

495.6

3.75= 132.16 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 ≅ 132 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠

P6.2.5- If we want to charge these batteries with photovoltaic solar panels, as announced by the batteries

manufacturer Tesla Motors, to charge these 132 batteries it is also indispensable a charge voltage of 132 x

4.1 = 541.2V, which represents a voltage rising of the photovoltaic solar panels of 541.2 – 495.6 = 45.6V

that, transformed into percentage over the 495.6V of the photovoltaic solar installation with no Batteries

represents a percentage increase of:

45.6

495.6𝑥 100 = 9.2%, batteries increase which also increase the installation cost with no benefit.


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P6.2.6- The PWM Inverter takes the same power from the batteries that the taken directly from the

photovoltaic solar panels when there were no batteries inserted, therefore Picture 1, Figure 1, Figure 2,

Table 1 and all said about them are also valid.

P6.3 Summary about the Installation with PWM Inverters and Batteries.

Batteries are more expensive than the photovoltaic solar panels.

Batteries reduce the useful power of the PWM Inverter in a 9.2%.

A 100kW PWM Inverter reduces its useful power to 53.8 kW.

Increase the photovoltaic solar panels cost in a 9.2%.

They need a battery charger able to regulate the batteries charge with important voltage variations.

They do not offer any advantage.

Compared to the advantages of the ORE and OREG Ortronic® converters, the differences in favor

to Ortronic® are higher than 200% (Ortronic

® ORE) and than 450% (Ortronic

® OREG).

P6.3.1 CONCLUSION.

Store continuous or direct electricity in batteries for using it with PWM Inverters, independently of their

quality, lifetime and cost, belongs to past, with no profitable application at present and even less at future.

P7 Data of the installation working with an Ortronic® ORE converter.

Power of the Installation 100kW.

Photovoltaic Solar Panel Voltage, taken from a real installation 312 Volts DC.

Panels connection Rows connected in parallel.

Installation use Connected to the GRID.

Configuration of the Grid connection Single Phase.

RMS Voltage of the phase 220 Volts.

Photovoltaic Solar Panels connection To ORE System.

ORE System power 100 kW.

Maximum voltage at the ORE System output 312 Volts.

ORE System output wave shape Figure 5.

ORE System output frequency 50 Hertz.

ORE Converter efficiency Figure 6.

Remembering all said in P3.5.2 paragraph – ORE utilizes the reactive power KVAr generated

by the inductive loads of low quality, which are the only ones manufactured today, multiplies the

reactive power KVAr and then it transforms it into kW, therefore with ORE we have to consider

the power kW and energy kWh gains, due to the utilization, multiplication and transformation of

the reactive power KVAr.

P7.1 Calculation of gains and losses of the same installation working with Ortronic® ORE.

P7.1.1- The first that ORE does is to transform the continuous or direct electricity from the photovoltaic

solar panels into true alternating electricity, with the wave shape showed in the following Figure 5.


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Figure 5. Wave shape of the Ortronic

® ORE Converters.

P7.1.2- Losses of the Ortronic® ORE converter, with no load connected and with loads connected.

Figure 6. Efficiency chart of the Ortronic

® ORE Converters.


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EFFICIENCY % kW CONNECTED kWh CONSUMED

97% 100 kW 103 kWh

97% 60 kW 63 kWh

97% 50 kW 53 kWh

97% 40 kW 43 kWh

97% 30 kW 33 kWh

97% 20 kW 23 kWh

97% 10 kW 13 kWh

0% No load 0.005 kW 0.005 kWh

Table 2.

P7.2 The Power Multiplication Factor (PMF) with ORE.

P7.2.1- ORE uses the Electric Power Multiplier (EPM) or Electric Energy Multiplier and its

multiplication factor depends on the Q quality factor of the inductive loads, described in paragraph P2.3

and also on the use of the new dimensions that EPM, ORE and OREG utilize, which are a fundamental

part of the Ortronic® Technology “Know How”.

P7.2.2- When ORE only uses the inductive loads that exist nowadays, which are designed and

manufactured to reduce at minimum value the reactive power KVAr, the maximum possible PMF, with

these loads of very low quality and high cost is PMF = 3 as maximum.

P7.3 Power and Energy gains in the same 100kW Photovoltaic Solar Installation utilized with

Ortronic® ORE.

P7.3.1- Considering that the amount of inductive loads depend on the industrialization level of each

country, for these calculations we consider the three following power factors:

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.9

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.7

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.5

From them we calculate the KVA in each of the three cases:

100

0.9= 111.11 𝐾𝑉𝐴

100

0.7= 142.86 𝐾𝑉𝐴

100

0.5= 200 𝐾𝑉𝐴

The three reactive powers KVAr, can be directly measured in the installation, with any power grid

analyzer, or calculated using the classic power triangle, with the following results:

1º PF = 0.9; KVAr = 48.43. 2º PF = 0.7; KVAr = 102.02. 3º PF = 0.5; KVAr = 173.20.

Considering a minimum PMF of 2 and transforming the KVAr into kW, we obtain the following Power

and Energy gains:

1º- KVArx2 =48.43x2=96.86 kW. 2º- KVArx2 =102.2x2=204.4 kW. 3º- KVArx2 =173.2x2=346.4 kW.


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P8 Calculation of gains and losses of the same installation working with Ortronic®

OREG.

P8.1- The first that OREG does is to transform the continuous or direct electricity from the photovoltaic

solar panels into true alternating electricity, with the wave shape showed in the following Figure 5.

P8.2 Calculation of gains and losses of the same installation working with Ortronic® OREG.

Similar to the calculated in the case of Ortronic® ORE, paragraph P7.1.2

P8.3 The Power Multiplication Factor (PMF) with OREG. Using OREG with the inductive loads

that exist nowadays, as described in paragraph P7.2.2, the Power Multiplication Factor PMF increases in

function of the power of OREG achieving values higher than 5, i.e.: PMF>5, therefore we can use for

calculations a minimum PMF of 5.

P8.4 Power and Energy gains in the same 100kW Photovoltaic Solar Installation utilized with

Ortronic® OREG.

P8.4.1 Using the same reasoning than in paragraph P7.3.1, we use for these calculations the same power

factors that are the following:

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.9

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.7

𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑉𝐴= 0.5

From them we calculate the KVA in each of the three cases:

100

0.9= 111.11 𝐾𝑉𝐴

100

0.7= 142.86 𝐾𝑉𝐴

100

0.5= 200 𝐾𝑉𝐴

The three reactive powers KVAr, can be directly measured in the installation, with any power grid

analyzer, or calculated using the classic power triangle, with the following results:

1º PF = 0.9; KVAr = 48.43. 2º PF = 0.7; KVAr = 102.02. 3º PF = 0.5; KVAr = 173.20.

With OREG the minimum PMF is 5 and and transforming the KVAr into kW, we obtain the following

Power and Energy gains:

1º- KVArx5 =48.43x5=242 kW. 2º- KVArx5 =102.2x5=511 kW. 3º- KVArx5 =173.2x5=866 kW.

P9 Comparative of the results of the four cases calculated.

P9.1 This comparison includes the four cases studied above, from paragraphs P5 to P6.4.1 and

from P7 to P8.4.1.


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P9.2- Losses and gains, minimum, medium and maximum in a 100kW installation with a PWM

Inverter:

P9.2.1- LOSSES: PWM

Due to Voltage Difference: See P5.5.1 37 kW

Due to Efficiency: With No Load, See Figure 2 10 kW

At Full Load 8 kW

SUM With No Load 47kW

At Full Load 45 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________

P9.2.2-GAINS:

Due to Reactive Power KVAr

With Power Factor = 0.9 0 kW



P9.3- Losses and gains, minimum, medium and maximum in a 100kW installation with a PWM

Inverter and BATTERIES:

P9.3.1-LOSSES: PWM

Due to Voltage Difference: See P5.5.1 37 kW

Due to batteries charge and discharge See P6.2 9.2 kW

Due to Efficiency: With No Load, See Figure 2 10 kW

At Full Load 8 kW

SUM With No Load 56.2 kW

At Full Load 54.2 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________

P9.3.2-GAINS:






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P9.4- Losses and gains, minimum, medium and maximum in a 100kW installation with an

Ortronic® ORE Converter and with NO BATTERIES:

P9.4.1-LOSSES: ORE

Due to Voltage Difference: See P7 0 kW

Due to Efficiency: With No Load, See Figure 6 0.005 kW

At Full Load 3 kW


At Full Load 3 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________

P9.4.2-GAINS:


With Power Factor = 0.9 See P7.3 96.86 kW



P9.4.3-ORTRONIC® ORE vs. PWM Inv. NO Batteries PWM ORE

With No Load

Losses 47kW 0.005 kW

Difference 47kW – 0.005kW = 46.995 kW

At Full Load

Losses 45kW 3 kW

Difference 45kW – 3 kW = 42 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗 Gain = 42 kW+96.86 kW 0 kW 138.86 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕 Gain = 42 kW+ 204.4 kW 0 kW 246.4 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓 Gain = 42 kW+ 346.4 kW 0 kW 388.4 kW

IN PERCENTAGE OVER PWM

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

𝟏𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟔𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟏𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑 = 220.41%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟒𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑= 391.11%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

𝟑𝟖𝟖.𝟒𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟑𝟖𝟖.𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑= 616.50%


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PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY USED BY PWM OVER ORE

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟔=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟔 = 45.36%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟒=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟒= 25.56%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟖𝟖.𝟒=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟖𝟖.𝟒= 16.22%

P9.4.4-ORTRONIC® ORE vs. PWM Inv. + Batteries PWM ORE

With No Load

Losses 56.2kW 0.005 kW

Difference 56.2kW – 0.005kW = 56.195 kW

At Full Load

Losses 54.2kW 3 kW

Difference 54.2kW – 3 kW = 51.2 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗 Gain = 51.2 kW+ 96.86 kW 0 kW 148.06 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕 Gain = 51.2 kW+ 204.4 kW 0 kW 255.6 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓 Gain = 51.2 kW+ 346.4 kW 0 kW 397.6 kW


𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟎𝟔𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟎𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖 = 275.20%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

𝟐𝟓𝟓.𝟔𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟐𝟓𝟓.𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖= 475.09%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

𝟑𝟗𝟕.𝟔𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟑𝟗𝟕.𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖= 739.03%

PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY USED BY PWM OVER ORE

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟎𝟔=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟎𝟔 = 36.33%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟓𝟓.𝟔=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟓𝟓.𝟔= 21.04%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟗𝟕.𝟔=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟗𝟕.𝟔= 13.53%


www.ortronic.com 17

P9.5- Losses and gains, minimum, medium and maximum in a 100kW installation with an

Ortronic® OREG Converter and with NO BATTERIES:

P9.5.1-LOSSES: OREG

Due to Voltage Difference: See P7 0 kW

Due to Efficiency: With No Load, See Figure 6 0.005 kW

At Full Load 3 kW


At Full Load 3 kW

_____________________________________________________________________________________

P9.5.2-GAINS:


With Power Factor = 0.9 See P8.4 242 kW



P9.5.3-ORTRONIC® OREG vs. PWM Inv. NO Batteries PWM OREG

With No Load

Losses 47kW 0.005 kW

Difference 47kW – 0.005kW = 46.995 kW

At Full Load

Losses 45kW 3 kW

Difference 45kW – 3 kW = 42 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗 Gain = 42 kW+242 kW 0 kW 284 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕 Gain = 42 kW+ 511 kW 0 kW 553 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓 Gain = 42 kW+ 866 kW 0 kW 908 kW


𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

𝟐𝟖𝟒𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟐𝟖𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑 = 450.79%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

𝟓𝟓𝟑𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟓𝟓𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑= 877.77%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

𝟗𝟎𝟖𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕=

𝟗𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟑= 1441.26%


www.ortronic.com 18

PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY USED BY PWM OVER OREG

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟖𝟒=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟖𝟒 = 22.18%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟓𝟑=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟓𝟑= 11.39%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟕)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟗𝟎𝟖=

𝟔𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟗𝟎𝟖= 6.93%

P9.5.4-ORTRONIC® OREG vs. PWM Inv. + Batteries PWM OREG

With No Load

Losses 56.2kW 0.005 kW

Difference 56.2kW – 0.005kW = 56.195 kW

At Full Load

Losses 54.2kW 3 kW

Difference 54.2kW – 3 kW = 51.2 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗 Gain = 51.2 kW+242 kW 0 kW 293.2 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕 Gain = 51.2 kW+ 511 kW 0 kW 562.2 kW

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓 Gain = 51.2 kW+ 866 kW 0 kW 917.2 kW


𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

𝟐𝟗𝟑.𝟐𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟐𝟗𝟑.𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖 = 544.98%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

𝟓𝟔𝟐.𝟐𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟓𝟔𝟐.𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖= 1044.98%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

𝟗𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐=

𝟗𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟑.𝟖= 1704.83%

PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY USED BY PWM OVER OREG

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟗

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟗𝟑.𝟐=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟗𝟑.𝟐 = 18.34%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟕

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟔𝟐.𝟐=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓𝟔𝟐.𝟐= 9.56%

𝒌𝑾

𝑲𝑽𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟓

(𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟒𝟔.𝟐)𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟗𝟏𝟕.𝟐=

𝟓𝟑.𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟗𝟏𝟕.𝟐= 5.86%


www.ortronic.com 19

P10.- As an addition to all said above I recommend to read the following documents: “ORE: Scientific

Foundations”, “Ortronic® Technology Vs. PWM Technology”, “Alternating Electricity and PWM

are Incompatible” and “The Electrical Grids go to their Self-Destruction due to Inverse Resonance”.

Documents that can be seen at the following links:

ORE: Scientific Foundations:

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/FCO.pdf

Ortronic® Technology Vs. PWM Technology:

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/TOVSTPWM.pdf

Alternating Electricity and PWM are Incompatible:

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/CA&PWM.pdf

The Electrical Grids go to their Self-Destruction due to Inverse Resonance: http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/RRE.pdf

Madrid, June 1st, 2015.

Signed: Juan Ortigosa Garcia

Scientific, Inventor and Entrepreneur

Chairman & Technical Director of Ortronic Technology, S.L.

Company e-mail: [email protected]

Personal e-mail: [email protected]

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/FCO.pdf

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/TOVSTPWM.pdf

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/CA&PWM.pdf

http://ortronic.com/ENGLISH/pdf/RRE.pdf

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]