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Biodiesel
Group membersSoh xiao fenMarhamahYeo ming
Table of contents
Introduction to biodiesel
Applications of biodiesel
Advantages & disadvantages of biodiesel
Sources of biodiesel
Future of biodiesel
Case study on Iran
Conclusions
Introduction to biodiesel
History Rudolf diesel was the inverter of biodiesel, estimated 100
years ago. It was developed in the year 1890s.
What is biodiesel?Biodiesel is made up of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids that come from vegetable oil or animal fats.
After which, the feedstock is converted by trans-esterification, into biodiesel.
Biodiesel is replacement for petroleum diesel fuel. It can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any proportion.
Biodiesel can be used 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel fuel.
Blends are indicated by B##, which correspond to the percentage of biodiesel in the blended fuel.
Applications of biodiesel
Biodiesel has a wide variety of application in all the fields where fuel is used. To add on, it
added advantages of efficiency improvement.
Motorbikes, Airplanes, Mass transit (trains, buses)Trucks & heavy equipment , Electrical generatorsFarm equipments, Marine uses ,Biodiesel as lubricant & solvent
Examples includes:
Biodiesel as lubricant and solvent
• Potential markets for biodiesel extend beyond the transportation and electrical-generation sectors.
Biodiesel can be used straight as a machinery lubricant.
Biodiesel’s solvent properties may be used to clean dirty or
greasy engine or other machine parts.
Marine uses
Biodiesel is an ideal choice for the use in marine applications.
Biodiesel have more environmental benefits.
Biodiesel is “user-friendly”
Biodiesel can work in several marine factions.
Advantages of Biodiesel
Renewable energy source
Less polluting
Extends life of catalytic converters & engines
Utilizes excess production of soybeans for manufacture
Can distribute through existing diesel fuel pumps
Can use in existing oil heating systems and
diesel engines
Can be mixed with petroleum diesel at any concentration and time
Disadvantages of Biodiesel
More expensive
Could harm rubber hoses in engines
Requires energy to:
Produce biodiesel from soy crops & sow, fertilize and harvest
Requires frequent filter changing
Requires improvement in distribution infrastructure
Sources of biodiesel
•Algal Biodiesel• Fungus•Used coffee grounds• Exotic resources
Algal Biodiesel
Utilizing algae that contains natural oil content>50%
Can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater
treatment plants
Extracted from the system and processed into biodiesel
Does not entail a decrease in food production
Fungus
Utilizing single-cell fungi that contains lipids .E.g.Cunninghamella japonica
Extracted from the cell and turned into Biodiesel
Recent discovery of a variant of fungus Gliocladium roseum
production of ‘myco-diesel’ (medium length hydrocarbons) from
cellulose
Discovered in the rainforests of northern Patagonia
Used coffee grounds
Utilising used coffee grounds that contains oil content 10-15%
Extracted and underwent conventional processing into
Biodiesel
Exotic resources
Utilizing alligator fat which is a primary waste product• cheaper to refine
Biodiesel produced is similar in composition to biodiesel
created from soybeans
Future of Biodiesel
Genetically Engineered Microalgae
Microalgae
Its species are rich in oil
Abundant; almost in every ecosystem
CO2+ sunlight -> oxygen + biomass• Produce almost half of the
atmospheric oxygen
Microalgae Biodiesel
Under optimized condition, can produce up to 90% oil of dry weight
Potential production of oil higher than oil crops• Use little land resource w/o causing potential
biomass deficit
Can grow in extreme environment
Cultivated only by using seawater, CO2 and sunlight
Microalgae Biodiesel
Microalgae Biodiesel
Microalgae Biodiesel
Microalgae Genetic Engineering
• Optimization for enhanced biofuel production
• Improve accumulation of targeted bioenergy carriers
• Quantity & quality of biodiesel linked as to how lipid metabolism is controlled
Solution
Manipulate the biology of microalgae cells to allow for secretion of lipids
Why?
Case Study: Future of Bioenergy in Iran
Salt lake “Urmia” which have given rise to new species of algae for biofuel
Extensive use & export of Iran’s crude oil and natural gas will be limited in the future. Thus renewable liquid
fuels will be heavily needed to eventually totally replace petroleum-
derived transport fuels which in addition, contributes to the emission
of greenhouse gases
Case Study: Solution for Biodiesel Production
Overcoming the challenge, two options• Managing the agriculture
residues & energy production like bioethanol and biogas
• Investing on non-food crops e.g. microalgae
Due to climate & geographical problems• Only 12% of total land
area can be use for crop growing thus depending on energy crops not feasible
• Looking at this table, microalgae come views itself as the only source that has the potential to completely replace petroleum-derived diesel
• Therefore, microalgae genetic engineering would help to visualize more the economic production of biodiesel in Iran
Case Study: Project on microalgae
Researches at Teheran’s Shiraz University carried a biofuel project
Microalgae were isolated during a screening program from soil & water• samples are collected from the paddy fields of Fars
province and the Maharlu Salt Lake
Has succeeded in producing green fuel from the algae Chlamydomonas
The researchers registered their findings at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)which is based
in the USA
Case Study: Having potential of using microalgae genetic engineering
Presence of saline lakes in Iran, containing various species of microalgae
Establishing microalgae culture ponds in different areas of Iran• Unlimited access to saline
waters and sunlight
Presence of highly efficient genetic engineering
technologies in the world
Iran has a good potential and possibilities due to:
Good capacity building
Gained experiences in plant genetic engineering within the last decade
Strong government support• Based on the law, production and
release of transgenic organisms are free in Iran provided that they pass all the biosafety requirements imposed by Iran’s National Biosafety Law (INBL)
Conclusions
Microalgae genetic engineering have a very promising role in the future as it has great potentials for biofuel production.
Credits• Design of power point slides : Soh Xiao Fen• Creator of tumblr: Marhamah • Slides number: 3- 7 (Soh Xiao Fen) 8-14 (Yeo ming)
15-26 (Marhamah)
Our group website:• http://mesmerizedbynature.tumblr.com/
References Introduction & applications of biodiesel
• http://www.biodiesel.org/markets/mar/• http://alphabiofuels.sg/pages/bioOSR/osr_index.html• Title: Biodiesel- growing a new energy economy (second edition)
Author: Greg Pahl foreword by Bill McKibben Advantages and disadvantages of Biodiesel
• http://www.cpast.org/Articles/fetch.adp?topicnum=61• http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels• http://www.berkeleybiodiesel.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biodiesel.html
Current Research• http://web.archive.org/web/20060324084858/http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alg
e.html• http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/154/11/3319• http://www.springerlink.com/content/c8l814q6064m0u75/• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/science/16objava.html
Case study• http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/01/algae-biofuel-iran/• An article titled Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews from www.elsevier.com
The end & thank you!