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BIOGEOCHEMICAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLESCYCLES
Jonathan S. RubioJonathan S. Rubio
ObjectivesObjectives
Differentiate the biogeochemical Differentiate the biogeochemical processesprocesses
Identify the processes involve in different Identify the processes involve in different biogeochemical cyclesbiogeochemical cycles
Determine the disturbance that will disrupt Determine the disturbance that will disrupt the natural cyclethe natural cycle
Chemicals CycleChemicals Cycle
Biogeochemical Biogeochemical CycleCycle
The complete path a The complete path a chemical takes chemical takes through the four through the four major components – major components – or reservoirs – of or reservoirs – of Earth’s systemsEarth’s systems
1.1. AtmosphereAtmosphere2.2. HydrosphereHydrosphere3.3. LithosphereLithosphere4.4. BiosphereBiosphere
D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
ChCh emical reaction:emical reaction:The process in which new chemicals are The process in which new chemicals are
formed from elements and compounds formed from elements and compounds through chemical changethrough chemical change
All chemical reactions will follow the All chemical reactions will follow the
-Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy-Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy
-Law of Entropy-Law of Entropy
Biogeochemical Cycles and Life:Biogeochemical Cycles and Life:Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors
MacronutrientsMacronutrients Elements required in large amounts by all life about 96%Elements required in large amounts by all life about 96% Include the “big six” elements that form the fundamental building blocks Include the “big six” elements that form the fundamental building blocks
of life:of life:carboncarbon oxygenoxygen sulfursulfurhydrogenhydrogen phosphorusphosphorus nitrogennitrogen
MicronutrientsMicronutrients Elements required either in Elements required either in
small amounts by all life or moderate amounts by some forms of life and not small amounts by all life or moderate amounts by some forms of life and not all by othersall by others
Trace elementsTrace elements -Al, B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, Va, Zn - -Al, B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, Va, Zn - some organisms (0.1%)some organisms (0.1%)
Principal of Limiting factorPrincipal of Limiting factor When chemical elements are not available at the right time, in the right When chemical elements are not available at the right time, in the right
amount, and in the right concentration relative to each otheramount, and in the right concentration relative to each other
The Geologic CycleThe Geologic Cycle
The Geologic Cycle:The Geologic Cycle:The processes responsible for formation and The processes responsible for formation and
change of Earth materialschange of Earth materialsBest described as a group of cycles:Best described as a group of cycles:
TectonicTectonicHydrologicHydrologicRockRock
Tectonic CycleTectonic Cycle
Tectonic cycle:Tectonic cycle: Involves creation and destruction of the solid Involves creation and destruction of the solid
outer layer of Earth, the lithosphereouter layer of Earth, the lithospherePlate tectonics:Plate tectonics:
The slow movement of these large segments The slow movement of these large segments of Earth’s outermost rock shell of Earth’s outermost rock shell
Boundaries between plates are geologically Boundaries between plates are geologically active areasactive areas
The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle
The Hydrologic Cycle:The Hydrologic Cycle: The transfer of water from the oceans to the The transfer of water from the oceans to the
atmosphere to the land and back to the oceans. atmosphere to the land and back to the oceans. Includes:Includes:EvaporationEvaporationCondensationCondensationPrecipitationPrecipitationRunoff from streams, rivers, and sub-surface Runoff from streams, rivers, and sub-surface
groundwatergroundwaterstoragestorage
Hydrologic cycleHydrologic cycle
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
The rock cycle:The rock cycle: Numerous processes that produce rocks and soilsNumerous processes that produce rocks and soils Depends on other cycles:Depends on other cycles:
tectonic cycle for energy tectonic cycle for energy Hydrologic cycle for water Hydrologic cycle for water
Rock is classified as Rock is classified as IgneousIgneous SedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic
The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
The Carbon-Oxygen CycleThe Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Carbon is the element that anchors all organic Carbon is the element that anchors all organic substancessubstances
The carbon cycle:The carbon cycle: Carbon combines with and is chemically and Carbon combines with and is chemically and
biologically linked with the cycles of oxygen and biologically linked with the cycles of oxygen and hydrogen that form the major compounds of lifehydrogen that form the major compounds of life
Processes that reduce COProcesses that reduce CO22: Photosynthesis and : Photosynthesis and
Diffusion to the bodies of waterDiffusion to the bodies of water Processes that add COProcesses that add CO2: 2: Respiration, Combustion, Respiration, Combustion,
Burning, decomposition Burning, decomposition
The Carbon Oxygen CycleThe Carbon Oxygen Cycle
Fig 5.15
© 2005 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy
Modified from D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
15%/year
CO2 & CH4
The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle:The nitrogen cycle: Cycle responsible for moving important nitrogen Cycle responsible for moving important nitrogen
components through the biosphere and other Earth components through the biosphere and other Earth systemssystems
Extremely important because nitrogen is required by Extremely important because nitrogen is required by all living thingsall living things
Nitrogen fixation:Nitrogen fixation: The process of converting inorganic, molecular The process of converting inorganic, molecular
nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia or nitratenitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia or nitrate Denitrification:Denitrification:
The process of releasing fixed nitrogen back to The process of releasing fixed nitrogen back to molecular nitrogenmolecular nitrogen
The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle
Modified from D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
50% fertilizer
(Bacteria)
Biological Nitrogen FixersBiological Nitrogen Fixers
Cyanobacteria – Cyanobacteria – blue-green algaeblue-green algae
Free living soil Free living soil bacteriabacteria
MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae Symbiotic bacteria Symbiotic bacteria
living in root nodulesliving in root nodules
The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle:The phosphorus cycle: Involves the movement of phosphorus Involves the movement of phosphorus
throughout the biosphere and lithospherethroughout the biosphere and lithosphere
Important because phosphorus is an essential Important because phosphorus is an essential element for life and often is a limiting nutrient element for life and often is a limiting nutrient for plant growth.for plant growth.
The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle
D. T. Krohne, General Ecology D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
Modified from D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
Gaseousphase
Sulfur CycleSulfur Cycle
Process involved in the transport of sulfur:Process involved in the transport of sulfur:
a. Acid Precipitationa. Acid Precipitation
b. Volcanic sulfideb. Volcanic sulfide
c. Sulfur fixationc. Sulfur fixation
d. Combustiond. Combustion
e. Decompositione. Decomposition
f. Sedimentationf. Sedimentation
The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle
Energy Energy
Capacity to do workCapacity to do work Follows the two laws of Follows the two laws of
thermodynamicsthermodynamics
- Law of conservation of mass - Law of conservation of mass and and energy- mass and energy- mass and energy cannot energy cannot be created be created
nor destroyednor destroyed
--Law of entropy- increasing Law of entropy- increasing degeneration of matter degeneration of matter
and and energyenergy
Energy TypesEnergy Types
According to the natureAccording to the nature
1. potential energy- due 1. potential energy- due to gravity or distortion of to gravity or distortion of shapeshape
2. kinetic energy- due to 2. kinetic energy- due to movementmovement
3. Rest or Mass energy- 3. Rest or Mass energy- due to matter moving due to matter moving twice the speed of light.twice the speed of light.
Energy types cont…Energy types cont…
Based on source or Based on source or originorigin
1. non-renewable 1. non-renewable energyenergy
2. renewable energy2. renewable energy
3. inexhaustible 3. inexhaustible energyenergy
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
Only 2% of the sun’s Only 2% of the sun’s energy is used by the energy is used by the plants and the rest is plants and the rest is immediately immediately converted to heatconverted to heat
Approximately 10% of Approximately 10% of the energy can the energy can transfer to next higher transfer to next higher trophic level.trophic level.
Food chain-process of eating and being Food chain-process of eating and being eateneaten
types of food chaintypes of food chain
1. Grazing food chain1. Grazing food chain
2. detritus food chains2. detritus food chainsFood web- interlinks of several food chainsFood web- interlinks of several food chains
Student ActivityStudent ActivityIdentify one interruption in each biogeochemical cycles and Identify one interruption in each biogeochemical cycles and
give the cause and mitigation:give the cause and mitigation:
1.1. Hydrologic cycleHydrologic cycle
2.2. Rock cycleRock cycle
3.3. Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle
4.4. C-O cycleC-O cycle
5.5. Sulfur CycleSulfur Cycle
6.6. Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle