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Chapter 3 – The Biosphere
3.1 Ecologists study environments at different
levels of organization.Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic factors are any living part of an environment.
plants animals fungi bacteria
Abiotic factors are any nonliving part of the environment.
Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Humidity Wind
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together
Physical factors can be strongly influenced by the activities of organisms.
Also, a change in physical factors can strongly affect the survival of the living organisms.
3.2 Energy in Ecosystems Living organisms need energy for growth,
reproduction, and their metabolic processes.
Producers provide all of the available energy in an ecosystem
Primary Productivity Producers are also called autotrophs
because they make their own food. Most producers uses sunlight as an energy
source.
Heterotrophs acquire energy from other organisms.
Also called consumers
Consumers are not all alike. Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Detritivores eat dead organic matter
(detritus). Decomposers break down organic matter
into simpler compounds.
carnivoredecomposer
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
A food chain links species by their feeding relationships.
A food chain follows the connection between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem.
The ultimate source of energy for all producers and consumers is the sun.
Trophic Levels
First Level – Producers Determine the available energy in the ecosystem
Second Level – First Level Consumers AKA – primary consumers Herbivores
Third Level – Second Level Consumers AKA – secondary consumers Omnivores and carnivores
Fourth Level Third level consumers
(carnivores that eat other carnivores)
AKA - top carnivores or tertiary consumers
Decomposers – obtain energy from dead and decaying matter at all trophic levels.
produce detritus Ex: bacteria and fungi
decomposer
Energy Flow
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Only 10 percent of the
energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat.
energy transferredenergy
lost
100%
10%
1%
0.1%
Food Webs
A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships.
An organism may have multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
A food web emphasizes complicated feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.
Pyramid of Biomass
Biomass is usually measured in grams of organic matter per unit area.
Why does the amount of biomass decrease moving up the trophic levels?
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2
3.4 Cycles of Matter
Elements essential for life cycle through ecosystems.
A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem.
Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle
Carb
on C
ycl
e
Nitrogen Cycle