Aim: How do molecules form

Aim: What is matter made of?

Do Now: on your paper

Notes are in cream.

MatterMatter is any substance that has volume and

mass (takes up space & weighs something)EVERYTHING is made of matter!

Elements= one of the 100+ pure substances that make up everything in the universe

Examples of Elements

H = Hydrogen

C = CarbonO = Oxygen

N = Nitrogen

S = Sulfur

Na = SodiumCa = CalciumK = PotassiumI = IodineCl = Chlorine

P = Phosphorus

Atom the tiniest bit of an element

The size of the atom determines which element it is.

Molecules

• The smallest particle of a substance- it is composed of two or more atoms

More Examples of Molecules

Oxygen

Elements vs. Compounds

• Elements = only one type of atom• Compound = more than one type of atom

An element: Nitrogen

A compound:

Carbon dioxide

Compounds

Compounds : When two or more elements combine, they form A NEW SUBSTANCE with NEW PROPERTIES

Hydrogen Oxygen Water

This is a gas This is a gas This is a liquid

It STARTS a fire It STARTS a fire It STOPS a fire

Compounds

Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxideThis is a soft black solid

(Your pencil lead)

This is a gas

You need it to live

This is a gas

It is a WASTE

Compounds

Carbon Oxygen Carbon monoxideThis is a soft black solid

(Your pencil lead)

This is a gas

You need it to live

This is a gas

It is a DEADLY POISON

Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

Aim: How do molecules form

Aim: How do molecules combine together to make living things?

Do Now: on your paper Notes are in cream.

Chemical Formula

• Like a math problem• States how different atoms come

together to form a single molecule

2H + O H2O

Structural FormulaShows the arrangement of the

atoms in a single molecule

Like the pictures we saw yesterday, but with letters instead of circles.

H HO

Compounds

Inorganic Compounds or Organic

Compounds

Inorganic Compounds

• usually don’t contain carbon• generally come from non-living things

• simple molecules (only a few atoms)

Examples of Inorganic Compounds

H + O = H2O = Water

H + Cl = HCl = Stomach Acid

C + O = CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

Na + Cl = NaCl = Table Salt

What makes organic compounds different?

One word: CARBON!!

Carbon is Special!!

• Carbon is the only element that can form rings and long chains.

• This allows it to be the “backbone” of very complex molecules.

• WITHOUT CARBON, LIFE WOULD NOT EXIST!!

Organic Compounds

• Come from living things• generally complex molecules• Contain both carbon and hydrogen• COME IN FOUR TYPES

• 1. CARBOHYDRATES• 2. PROTEINS• 3. LIPIDS (FATS)• 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

What elements make up organic compounds?

• The 6 main elements of living things…• Carbon (C)• Hydrogen (H)• Oxygen (O) • Nitrogen (N)• Phosphorus (P)• Sulfur (S)

ALWAYS PRESENT

SOMETIMES PRESENT

USUALLY PRESENT

Organic Compound #1-Carbohydrates

Found in foods like bread, rice, potatoes, & pasta.

Organic Compound #1- Carbohydrates

• Long chains of sugars• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.

• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Organic Compound #1- Carbohydrates

Found in foods like meat, milk, and beans.

Organic Compound #2- Proteins

Organic Compound #2- Proteins

• Complex, folded molecules that have specific jobs

• Proteins are made from the instructions in our DNA

• An important example that we will be talking a lot more about in biology (Living Environment) is: ENZYMES.

Organic Compound #2- Proteins

Found in foods like butter, oil, & fried foods

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

• Lipids are FATS, OILS, and WAXES.• Lipids store energy more efficiently

than carbohydrates• The CELL MEMBRANE is also made of

lipids- we will talk a lot more about this later.

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

Fats can be SATURATED

Fats can be UNSATURATED

Saturated fats are SOLIDS like butter

Unsaturated fats are LIQUIDS like olive oil

Saturated fats are UNHEALTHY

Unsaturated fats are HEALTHY

In a saturated fat, the fatty acids are

STRAIGHT

In an unsaturated fat, the fatty acids are

BENT

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

SATURATED Fats UNSATURATED Fats

Organic Compound #3- Lipids/Fats

SATURATED Fats UNSATURATED Fats

Organic Compound #4- Nucleic Acids

• Two types- DNA and RNA• DNA is the set of instructions that

make up you!!• We will talk a LOT more about DNA

when we talk about genetics.

Organic Compound #4- Nucleic Acids

Each of these compounds is made from building blocks

Organic Compound Building Block

Carbohydrates Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides)

Proteins Amino Acids

Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

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Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

Aim: How are organic molecules formed, and how

are they broken down again?Do Now: Please fill in this chart. Try to do it without looking at your notes.

Notes in blue.

Some Vocabulary

•Monomer: Any of the subunits that make up organic molecules.

• Polymer: Any of the four organic molecules we’ve talked about.

• Peptide Bond: The bond that connects amino acids in a protein.

Dehydration synthesis:

• De = un, to remove• Hydra = water• Synthesis = to make

Dehydration Synthesis• Is a chemical reaction in which

water is removed from two molecules to join them together by a chemical bond.

• Two subunits (monomers) combine to become an organic molecule (polymer).

• WATER (H2O) is the BYPRODUCT.

Dehydration Synthesis of Carbs

Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins

Hydrolysis:• Hydro = water• Lysis = to split apart

Hydrolysis• Is a chemical reaction in which a

larger molecule is split apart into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.

• A complex molecule (polymer) becomes two simple molecules (monomers)

• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT HYDROLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

Hydrolysis of Proteins

Let’s Watch it Happen!!• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehyd

rat/dehydrat.html

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM

Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

Aim: Can we treat an acid burn in the same way we treat a regular burn?

Do Now: On your paper.Notes are in yellow.

Aim: Can we treat an acid burn in the same way we treat a regular burn?

Do Now: On your paper.Notes are in yellow.

Motivation: Acid ThrowingAcid throwing is when someone throws strong acid at another person in order to blind or disfigure them. Today, it is your job to help Chantou. A man burned her with acid in 2009 when she refused to marry him.Can we treat her burn in the same way we would treat a standard burn?

http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attacks.html

What do we need to know to treat Chantou?

We need to know:1. What molecule is our skin made of?2. What happens to that type of molecule in high heat?3. What happens to that type of molecule in low pH (acid)?

What Molecule is our Skin Made of?

Living things are made of organic molecules, which are big and complex. There are four types of organic molecules:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids (Fats)3. Nucleic acids (like DNA) 4. Proteins

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids (Fats)

Nucleic Acids (Like DNA)

Question One: What Molecule is our Skin Made of?

Which of the four types of molecules do you think our skin is made of? Why?

Proteins

What is special about protein molecules?

Protein molecules are long chains of amino acids.

They are folded into very precise shapes in order to do specific jobs.

Some proteins, like those in our skin, provide structure.

Some proteins, called enzymes, make chemical reactions faster.

Question Two: What happens proteins in high heat?• Any protein can be denatured.• Denature: to unfold. Proteins stop working

if they are denatured.• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/animation__protein_denaturation.html

High heat can denature a protein.• EGG WHITES are made from a protein called albumin.

• When albumin is folded, it is clear liquid.• What does albumin look like when it is denatured? (In

other words, cooked?)• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/proteinstructure.html

Egg whites that have been denatured

A person with a burn has denatured the proteins in their skin, exactly like the albumin in this egg.

Question Three: What happens proteins in low pH (acid)?• To answer this, we are going to do an

experiment.• What will happen to albumin (egg white) if we

put it in an acid?

Conclusion: Helping Chantou

What happens to the proteins in your skin when you burn them?Does acid injure your skin in the same way that heat does?Can we treat Chantou’s injury like a standard burn?

Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.

Aim: What is an enzyme?

Do Now: on your paper.

Notes are yellow.

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

• Catalyst – A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

In a Chemical Reaction, Reactants Products

• Reactants – the starting substances• Products – the substances formed during the reaction.

Activation Energy

• The minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to happen.

• Look at the graph:• Initial state = the

reactants • Final state = the

products • The red line is the

reaction with an enzyme

• The other line is without enzymes

• What does this mean?

• Substrate: the reactants that bind to the enzyme• Active site: the part of an enzyme that the reactants bind to.

Facts about enzymes

• Enzymes can be reused• Reactions are reversible• The substrate must fit into the active site EXACTLY!

• Enzymes are specific for certain substrates

• Temperature and pH determine how well enzymes work

• Any proteins, including enzymes,

can be denatured.• Denature: to unfold. Enzymes

won’t work if they are denatured.

• Since the enzyme may unhook from the substrate, it may be reused many times.

Since the enzyme may unhook from the substrate, it may be reused many times.

Why do we need enzymes?

• Enzymes Animation• Enzymes Animation

• http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

• 1. Temperature.• Enzymes work slowly at cold temperatures• Enzymes denature at high temperatures• Work best at the optimum temperature-

98.6 degrees for us- • This is why our body needs to maintain

homeostasis.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

• 2. pH (acidity).• Enzymes denature at low pH (acids)• Enzymes work slowly at high pH (bases)• Work best at the neutral pH- 7 – equal to

water • This is why our body needs to maintain

homeostasis.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

• 3. Substrate Concentration• The more substrate, the faster the reaction• Maximum reaction rate reached when ALL of the enzymes are being used at once!

Wrap Up! Turn to the chapter 4 word wall on page 137. Record at least two “new to you” words that we used in class today.