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Anatomy of Cell, Transport mechanism, Protein synthesis, Plasma membrane
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9/2/2012
1
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning1
By- Jitendra Bhangale
Assistant Professor & Head,
Department of Pharmacology,
Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College,
Ahmedabad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning2
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life.
Cells are the building blocks of all living things.
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure
and function.
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning3
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning4
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic
material (DNA)
Three regions
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning5
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Barrier of nucleus
Consists of a double
phospholipid membrane
Contain nuclear pores
that allow for exchange
of material with the rest
of the cell
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning6
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Nucleus contains one or
more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome
production
Ribosomes then
migrate to the
cytoplasm through
nuclear pores
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning7
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Composed of DNA and
protein
Scattered throughout
the nucleus
Chromatin condenses to
form chromosomes
when the cell divides
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning8
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Other materials in plasma membrane
Protein
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning9
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning10
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Microvilli
Finger-like projections
that increase surface
area for absorption
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning11
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning12
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma
membrane
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions
Non-functioning units
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning13
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning14
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning15
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning16
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning17
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning18
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning19
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Mitochondria
“Powerhouses” of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break
down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning20
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning21
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cytoskeleton
Three different types
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning22
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell
division
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning23
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Not found in all cells
Used for movement
Cilia moves materials across the cell surface
Flagellum propels the cell
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning24
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
13
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning25
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning26
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
14
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning27
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning28
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Membrane Transport – movement of substance into
and out of the cell
Transport is by two basic methods
Passive transport
No energy is required
Active transport
The cell must provide metabolic energy
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning29
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more
components
Solvent – dissolving medium
Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a
solution
Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol
Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning30
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass
while excluding others
This permeability includes movement into and out of
the cell
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning31
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Diffusion
Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning32
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Types of diffusion
Simple diffusion
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small
enough to pass through membrane pores
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning33
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Types of diffusion
Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma
membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Substances require a protein carrier for passive
transport
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning34
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning35
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane
by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high
pressure area to a lower pressure area
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning36
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion
They may be too large
They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
They may have to move against a concentration gradient
Two common forms of active transport
Solute pumping
Bulk transport
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning37
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Solute pumping
Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported
by solute pumps
ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases,
moves substances against concentration gradients
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning38
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning39
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Bulk transport
Exocytosis
Moves materials out of the cell
Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
Material is emptied to the outside
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning40
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
21
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning41
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed by being
enclosed in a membranous vescicle
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning42
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning43
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cells have two major periods
Interphase
Cell grows
Cell carries on metabolic processes
Cell division
Cell replicates itself
Function is to produce more cells for growth and
repair processes
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning44
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Genetic material
duplicated and readies a
cell for division into two
cells
Occurs toward the end of
interphase
DNA uncoils and each
side serves
as a template
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning45
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Begins when mitosis is near completion
Results in the formation of two daughter cells
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning46
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Interphase
No cell division occurs
The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and
growth
Prophase
First part of cell division
Centromeres migrate to the poles
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning47
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Metaphase
Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the
cell
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning48
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
The cell begins to elongate
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning49
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning50
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
26
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning51
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for
building one protein
Proteins have many functions
Building materials for cells
Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
RNA is essential for protein synthesis
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning52
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome
for building the protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Messanger RNA
Carries the instructions for building a protein from
the nucleus to the ribosome
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning53
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence
to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an
amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning54
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
9/2/2012
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning55
By Jitendra BhangaleAsst. Prof. Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, Ahmedabad