Cern general information

Introduction to CERN

5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 2

Rende Steerenberg, CERN BE-OP

“Visit of Dutch Professors of HBO”

5th March 2015

The Mission of CERN

Train scientists and engineers of tomorrowStudent programs, teacher programs, PhD…

CERN Accelerators Schools, Computing schools, etc…


Push back the frontiers of knowledgeE.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s existence ?

Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors

Information technology – The World Wide Web, the GRID

Medicine – diagnosis and therapy

Unite people from different countries and cultures

The Mission of CERN

Train scientists and engineers of tomorrowStudent programs, teacher programs, PhD…

CERN Accelerators Schools, Computing schools, etc…


Push back the frontiers of knowledgeE.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s existence ?

Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors

Information technology – The World Wide Web, the GRID

Medicine – diagnosis and therapy

Unite people from different countries and cultures

How did it start ?


Ground breaking 17 May 1954

After the 2nd World War, European science was no longer world-class.

CERN Today, much has

changed

But not everything

A handful of visionary scientists imagined creating a European atomic physics laboratory, not only to unite European scientists but also allow them to share the increasing costs of nuclear physics facilities.

CERN was born

CERN Today


CERN was founded in 1954 with 12 European member states

Today: 21 member states

About 2300 staff

About 1300 other paid personnel

About 11500 scientific users 2015 budget:

About 1000 MCHF

Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom

States in accession to Membership: Romania, Serbia

Applications for Membership or Associate Membership:Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, Pakistan, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine

Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United States of America; European Union, JINR and UNESCO

CERN and Global Science



What are we looking for together ?


AtomProton

Big Bang

Radius of Earth

Radius of Galaxies

Earth to Sun

Universe

HubbleALMA

VLTAMS

Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang

increasing Symbiosis between Particle Physics,

Astrophysics and Cosmology

Super-Microscope

LHC

Verify the Standard Model and go beyond


But also search for

physics beyond the

standard model

The main idea behind our accelerators


• Create matter by increasing energy E = m c2

• Provide insight in particle structures

Visible light X-ray

λ =h cE

Particle accelerators


The CERN Accelerator Complex

Fixed Target Versus Colliders


Collider

All energy will be available

for particle production

E = Ebeam1 +Ebeam2

Fixed Target

Eµ Ebeam

Much of the energy is lost in

the target and only part is used

to produce secondary particles


Exploration of a new energy frontierin p-p and Pb-Pb collisions

LHC ring:27 km circumference

CMS

ALICE

LHCb

ATLAS

The LHC – CERN flagship


• CERN “only” contributed ~20% to the experiments

• The experiment have been built by large international collaborations.

• During the extensive 1993 cost review much of the R&D on the most critical components was still to be done.

Amount in MCHF

Personnel Material Total

LHC and exp. Areas incl.

R&D, injectors, tests and

pre-operation

1224 3756 4980

CERN contribution to

experiments

869 493 1362

CERN contribution to

LHC computing

85 83 168

Total CERN cost 2178 4332 6510

The LHC in operation


= Field in main magnets

= Beam 1 intensity (current)

= Beam 2 intensity (current)

4 TeV

450

GeV

Tim

e

Injection Ramp Squeeze &

Adjust

Stable beams for physics Dump&

Ramp down

The LHC is built to collide protons at 7 TeV per

beam, which is 14 TeV centre of Mass

In 2012 it ran at 8 TeV centre of mass

In 2015 we plan to run at 13 TeV centre of mass

Integrated Luminosity Produced


Similar figures for ATLAS

2010 - Commissioning:

• 7 TeV c.m.

• 0.04 fb-1

2011 - Exploring:

• 7 TeV c.m.

• 6.1 fb-1

2012 - Production:

• 8 TeV c.m.

• 23.3 fb-1

Luminosity is the number of events per cm2 per second


Some Remarkable LHC Figures


• The machine circumference is 26.659 km and is situated at about 100 m under

ground at the foot of the Jura in a tunnel of about 4 m in diameter.

• The billions of particles fly around in bunches and make 11245 turns per second.

• They produce 600 million collisions per second in the four collision points of which

the data needs to be stored and treated, hence the GRID.

• There are 9593 magnets in the LHC of which 1232 dipoles.

• Niobium-titanium cables are used as they become super conducting below a

temperature of 10 K (-263 °C).

• A current of 12 000 A flows through the cables without any resistance, creating a

magnetic field of 8.3 T

• The particles are accelerated, using 8 cavities per beam, delivering 2 million Volt

per cavity, hence the particles experience 16 million Volt per turn.

• The LHC has the largest cryogenic system in the world and is one of the coolest

places on earth, with 120 ton of liquid helium and over 40000 connections.

Nobel Prize for in Physics 2013

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider”.


Technology at CERN


• Computing/IT• Vacuum & cryogenics• Cooling & Ventilation• Electronics• Electricity• Magnets• Mechanics• Material Science• Radiofrequency• Control Systems• Safety • Civil Engineering• …

What in it for Dutch HBO students ?

• Challenging multi-disciplinary projects in a scientific and engineering environment

• International experience

• Educational opportunities• Language courses

• Accelerator physics courses

• Technical course

• ….

• Last but not least• Nice environment with hiking, skiing and whatever more

…..But lets listen to Ingrid Haug Human Resources for this..



“We shall have no better conditions in the

future if we are satisfied with all those

which we have at present.”

Thomas A. Edison Inventor and businessman, 1874 –

1931

The LHC March 2013E. Lawrence who

invented the cyclotron in

1929

Technical Student Project Example

• Field: Electronics Engineering (Beam Instrumentation)

• Title: Development of a fast image readout system for the PS Ionisation Profile monitor

• Description: A novel electron detection system has been proposed for PS ionisation profile monitor, based on a silicon pixel detector and Timepix3 chip. The speed at which the system produces data requires an FPGA for data collection, compression and retransmission via an optical link. The subject of this project is the development of FPGA code allowing such a readout and test of the system with an electron source in vacuum.

A Beam Profile Measurement Technique

Why another technique ?

• A proton beam in the LHC contains a very small amount

of matter (<1 ng = one human cell) moving almost at

speed of light

• It carries energy of a TGV at full speed

• The transverse size is about 0.1 mm (like a hair)!

• How to measure the size of such object ?

• Any material object (e.g. wire) will be destroyed, hence

no beam intercepting devices can be used…

Ionisation Profile Monitor

Beam gas ionization profile monitors, measure the transverse beam size by detecting the position of products of rest gas ionization. Electrons produced are directed using electric and magnetic fields towards a phosphor screen which is observed by a camera. An image of the beam is registered and beam profile calculated

Magnet

Concept: Magnet

Some assignment information

• The described project forms a vital part of a bigger project.

• The student is employed for a period of 12 months

• The supervision of the project and the student is ensured by a CERN

staff member, highly specialised in beam profile measurements

• Deliverables:

• FPGA code

• Test setup to be constructed with electron source in vacuum

• Master degree report for University and CERN

• Opportunities for the student:

• Project presented at conference in USA (HB2014)

• Official publications in conference papers as main or co-author

• Participate in FPGA course, accelerator physics course, language courses, etc. (paid by CERN)

Some quotes from a student

“I spent the last year of my master studies working as a technical student at CERN. Being a mechanical engineer I had never worked with cryogenics before, nevertheless I was chosen to work in the Cryolab – CERN Central Cryogenic Laboratory. It was an entirely new world for me, but fortunately nobody expected me to know everything and I was given a chance to learn.“

“I was operating a device called Dilution Refrigerator, which can reach the temperature of only 10 mK – just above the absolute zero. I was involved in the heat transfer analysis between the Ultra Cold Electrodes used in the AEgIS project and the Mixing Chamber of the mentioned Dilution Refrigerator. AEgIS – “Antimatter Experiment: Gravity Interferometry Spectroscopy” is going to measure the influence of a gravitational field on anti-hydrogen using the cutting edge technology. Exciting, isn’t it ?”

“The atmosphere of work at CERN is quite exceptional. It’s probably the most multicultural and cosmopolitan place in the world. You can meet a lot of passionate people sharing the same interests as you, learn their languages and get more familiar with their cultures.”

• Joanna, now PhD student at CERN

Mixing chamber Dilution Refrigerator

Some quotes from a student

“During this year I was working together with my colleagues on the AEgIS experiment. This experiment needs large and very homogeneous magnetic fields in order to trap anti-protons

and help in the formation of an anti-hydrogen beam, ….“

“…. My work focused on the testing of the magnets at 4.2 K, but also their preparation before the test. After the tests of the magnets we continued with the assembly of the final vacuum vessels. This included the installation of the required instrumentation, leak-testing of the vessels, and various other task of preparatory character. After the assembly the magnets were cooled-down for the first time in their final position and first measurements with an anti-proton

beam have been performed…. ”

“During my work I enjoyed working in a multi-national environment with people from all over Europe. And seeing an experiment build from the ground up. Starting with tests of small components and seeing everything build together in the final experiment.”

• Tiemo, now PhD student at CERN

The Magnet The Magnet in the

AEgIS experiment