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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Levels of Organization
Anatomy –◦The study of the structure of an organism and its parts Ex. Studying the bones in a duck
wing
Physiology – ◦The study of the structures function. What the structure does and
how it does it Ex. How a chicken wing moves to
help the duck fly.
The human body has 5 levels of organization.
Cells
◦Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Smallest
Largest
Cells◦The basic unit of life
Tissue◦A group of cells working together to perform a specific function Ex. Muscle Tissue
Organ◦A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function Ex. Liver
Organ System◦Several organs working
together to perform a specific function Ex. Digestive System
Organism◦A living thing!◦When several organ
systems work together Ex. A cat
If you weren’t sick of these already...
Cells!What kind of cells make up the human body?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
What kind of Eukaryotic Cells?Plant or Animal
But do all our cells look like this? NO
!
Specialized CellsAll organisms start out as a
single cell◦Unicellular organisms stay as a
single cell that performs all of it’s life functions
As the cell divides, the new cells differentiate and become specialized cells. ◦This means they develop a specific
shape and specific function
For exampleSome cells become red blood
cells which lose their nucleus to have more space to carry oxygen to different parts of your body.
Some cells become neurons which are nerve cells. They grow long extensions to send messages around your body
Some cells become liver cells which produce special enzymes to break down toxins