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Chapter 1Introduction to Computers
Chapter 1 ObjectivesChapter 1 Objectives
Explain the importance of computer literacy
Define the term computer
Identify the components of a computer
Explain why a computer is a powerful tool
Differentiate among the various categories of software
Discuss the uses of the Internet and the World Wide Web
Describe the categories of computers and their uses
Explain the purpose of a network
Identify the various types of computer users
Understand how a user can be a Web publisher
p. 1.2
p. 1.2 Fig. 1-1
The Digital Revolution
Where can you find computers?
Computers are everywhere
Next
The Digital Revolution
What is computer literacy? If you are computer literate, you have
knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses
p. 1.4
Next
What Is a Computer?
What is a computer? An electronic machine,
operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory• accepts data• manipulates the data
according to specified rules
• produces results• stores the results for
future use
p. 1.4
Next
DataCollection of raw
unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols
InformationData that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
What is a Computer?
What are data and information?
p. 1.4 Fig. 1-2
Next
What is a Computer?
Who is a user? Someone that
communicates with a computer
Someone who uses the information it generates
p. 1.4
Next
SoftwareThe series of
instructions that tells the hardware
how to perform tasks
HardwareThe electric,
electronic, and mechanical equipment
that makes up a computer
What is a Computer?
What are hardware and software?
p. 1.4
Next
InputAny data or
instructions you enter into a computer
OutputData that has
been processed into informationStorage
Area in a computer that can hold data
and information for future use
CommunicationThe capability of communicating
with other computers
What is the information processing cycle?
What is a Computer?
ProcessManipulate the input (data) to
produce output (information)
p. 1.5
Next
The Components of a Computer
What are common computer hardware components?
printer
scanner
speakerPC camera
microphonedigital camera
system unit
keyboard
modem
speaker
monitor
mouse
p. 1.5 Fig. 1-3
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is an input device? Any hardware component that allows a user to
enter data and instructions into a computer
scanner
microphone
keyboard
mouse
PC camera
digital camera
Click to view Web Linkthen clickInput Devices
p. 1.5 Fig. 1-3
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is an output device? Any hardware component that can convey
information to a user
Click to view Web Linkthen click Output Devices
printer
monitor speakers
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-3
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is the system unit ? Sometimes called a
chassis A box-like case made
from metal or plastic that protects the internal electronic components of the computer from damage
Circuitry in the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard
hard disk drive
CD-RW drive
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive
Zip® disk drive floppy
disk drive
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-3
Next
Memory• Temporary holding place for data
and instructions
The Components of a Computer
What are two main components on the motherboard?
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Also called a processor
• Electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer
Click to view Web Linkthen click Processors
p. 1.6
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is a chip? An electronic device that contains many
microscopic pathways that carry electrical currents Usually no
bigger than one-half inch square
Packaged so it can be attached to a motherboard
processor chip packaging
memory chip
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-4
Next
External Device
Also called a peripheral
Attaches to the system unit
Internal Component
Resides inside the system unit
The Components of a Computer
What are internal components and external devices?
p. 1.6
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is storage? Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage Device
• Records and retrieves items to and from a storage medium
• Devices often function as source of input because they transfer items from storage into memory
Storage Medium
• Physical material on which a computer keeps the data, instructions and information
Click to view Web Linkthen click Storage Devices
p. 1.7
Next
The Components of a Computer
CD-RW drive
hard disk drive
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive
ZIP® drivefloppy disk drive
What are common storage devices or drives?
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-3
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is a floppy disk?
A thin, circular, flexible disk enclosed in a plastic shell
Insert and remove a floppy disk into and from a floppy disk drive
A Zip® disk is a higher capacity disk
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-5
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is a hard disk? Consists of several
circular platters that store items electronically
Disks are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case, which often is housed inside the system unit
Provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk
Some hard disks are removable
removable hard disk
self-contained hard disk
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-6 & 7
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is a compact disc? A flat, round portable
medium that stores data using microscopic pits, which are created by a laser light • CD-ROM• CD-RW
– rewriteable CD
• DVD-ROM – tremendous storage
capacities
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-8
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is miniature storage media? Used in devices such as digital cameras One popular type is called a card
miniature storage media
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-9
Next
The Components of a Computer
What is a communications device? Enables computer users to communicate and to
exchange items such as data, instructions, and information with another computer
Allows you to establish a connection between two computers and transmit items over transmission media, such as cables, telephone lines, or satellites
modem
Click to view Web Linkthen click Communications Devices
One type is a modem
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-3
Next
SpeedBillions of
operations can be carried out
in a single second
Why Is a Computer So Powerful?
What characteristics make a computer powerful?
Storage
Enormous amounts of data can be stored and
made available for processing anytime it is
needed
Reliability
Dependable because components have a low failure rate so
they produce consistent results
Accuracy
If data is entered correctly and program works properly, the results are error-free —
garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) accuracy of output depends on accuracy of
input
Communications
Two connected computers can share
stored data, instructions, and information
p. 1.8
Next
Why Is a Computer So Powerful?
What is a network? Two or more
computers connected together via communications media and devices
The most widely known network is the Internet
p. 1.10 Fig. 1-10
Next
Technology Trailblazer
Bill Gates Microsoft’s chairman
and chief software architect
Co-founded Microsoft in 1975
Regarded as the most powerful person in the computer industry
Consistently anticipates technological developments and customer needs
Click to view Web Linkthen click Bill Gates
p. 1.9
Next
Click to view Web Linkthen click Computer Programs
Directs computer to perform alternative operations
Prints a report
Stores information on disk
Computer Software
What is a computer program? A series of instructions that tells the
hardware of a computer what to do
Allows you to input data and stores it in memory
Uses data in memory in calculations
Displays information on monitor
Compares values stored in memory
p. 1.10
Next
Computer Software
What is software installation? Some programs can be
loaded directly from purchased media, others must be installed
Install means part or all of the instructions are copied from the purchased media onto the computer's hard disk before the program can be used
p. 1.11 Fig. 1-11
Next
Step 1Step 1 Step 2Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Computer Software
What happens when you run a program from a CD-ROM?
Step 1: Insert the CD-ROM that contains the program into the CD-ROM drive.
Step 2: If necessary, install the program on the hard disk. Then instruct the computer to run the program. Instructions transfer from the CD-ROM or hard disk to memory.
Step 3: The program executes and the screen displays graphics that allow you to create a greeting card.
p. 1.11 Fig. 1-12
Next
Computer Software
What is system software? Programs that control the operations of the
computer and its devices
Operating System (OS)
Set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the
activities among computer hardware
devices
Utility program
Type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices,
or its programsp. 1.12
Next
Computer Software
What is the user interface? Determines how you
interact with software Used to control how
you enter data and instructions
Used to control how information displays on the screen
p. 1.12
Next
Computer Software
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Allows you to interact with the software using visual images such as icons
An icon is a small image that represents a program, an instruction, or some other object
icons
icons
p. 1.12 Fig. 1-13
Next
Click to view Web Linkthen click Application Software
Computer Software
What is application software? Programs that perform specific tasks for users
Word processing
software
Spreadsheet software
Database software
Presentation graphics software
Suite
Collection of popular individual software
applications bundled together as a single unit
Spreadsheet software
Database software
Presentation graphics software
Word processing
software
p. 1.13
Next
Computer Software
What is packaged software?
Copyrighted retail software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users
Purchase from stores or companies on the Internet
p. 1.13 Fig. 1-14
Next
Computer Software
What is custom software? Written by a
programmer Tailor-made
program developed at a user’s request to perform specific functions
p. 1.14
Next
Public-Domain Software
• Freeware donated for public use
• No copyright restrictions
Computer Software
What are freeware, public-domain software, and shareware?
Freeware
• Software provided at no cost to a user by an individual or company
• Copyrighted
• Cannot resell it on your own
Shareware
• Copyrighted software that is distributed free for a trial period
• Send a payment to developer on honor system
p. 1.14
Next
Computer Software
What is an application service provider (ASP)?
Third-party company that manages and distributes software and services on
the Internet
You can run the programs from the
Internet
Both free and paid ASPs
p. 1.14
Next
Computer Software
Who designs and writes software? Computer programmer (or
programmer)
• Writes software programs
Systems Analyst
• Designs a program, working with both the user and the programmer to determine the desired output of the program
p. 1.14
Next
Computer Software
How are programs written? Programmers use a programming language
to write computer programs
p. 1.14 Fig. 1-15
Next
Communications Device
• Modem
Networks and the Internet
What is a network? Collection of computers and devices connected together via
communications devices and media When your computer connects to a network you are online
Communications Media
• Cables
• Telephone lines
• Cellular radio
• Satellitesp. 1.16
Next
Networks and the Internet
What are the reasons to network?
Software programs
Hardware devices
Data
Information
To save time and money
To share resources
p. 1.16
Next
Networks and the Internet
A network that connects computers in a limited geographic area such as a school computer laboratory, office or group of buildings
What is a local area network (LAN)?
p. 1.16 Fig. 1-16
Next
Next
Networks and the Internet
What is a wide area network (WAN)? A network that covers a large geographical
area, such as one that connects offices across the country
p. 1.16 Fig. 1-17
Next
Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet? A worldwide
collection of networks that links together millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals
Click to view Web Linkthen click Internet
p. 1.17
Next
Information
Shopping
Meeting people
Entertainment
E-mail Information Shopping Meeting people Entertainment
Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet?
p. 1.17 Fig. 1-18
Next
Networks and the Internet
How do users connect to the Internet?
Online Service Provider (OSP)
Provides access to the Internet, as
well as a variety of other specialized
content and services
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Company that supplies
connections to the Internet, usually for a monthly fee
p. 1.18
Next
Networks and the Internet
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)? Billions of documents, called Web pages, that are
linked together on computers throughout the world
Web page
Contains text, graphics, sound, or
video and has connections to other
Web pages
Web site
Collection of related Web
pages
Web browser
Program used to access and view
Web pages
p. 1.18
Next
Step 1
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1Step 1
Step 2
Step 3Step 4
How do you connect to the Internet and display a Web page?
Networks and the Internet
Step 4 : The Web browser locates the Web site for the entered address and displays a Web page on your screen
Step 3 : Enter the address of the Web site you wish to visit
Step 2 : A Web browser such as Internet Explorer displays a Web page on your screen
Step 1 : Use your computer to make a local telephone call to an online service
p. 1.18 Fig. 1-19
Next
Categories of Computers
What are the categories of computers?
p. 1.19 Fig. 1-20
Next
Two major categories
• Desktop
• Notebook
Microprocessor
The single chip that performs all the processing functions on a personal computer
Personal Computers
What is a personal computer? A computer that can perform all of its input, processing,
output, and storage activities by itself
Contains at least
• One Input device
• One output device
• One storage device
• Memory
• A processorp. 1.19
Next
Personal Computers
p. 1.19 Fig. 1-21 & 22 The PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system
The Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)
What are the two most popular series of personal computers?
p. 1.19 Fig. 1-21 & 22
Next
Company on the Cutting Edge
Gateway
One of the world’s leading technology manufacturers
Manufactures built-to-order PCs
Consumers from around the world order more than 11,000 custom systems daily
Click to view Web Linkthen clickGateway
p. 1.21
Next
Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
Designed so the system unit, input devices, output devices, and any other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table
Click to view Web Linkthen click Personal Computers
p. 1.20 Fig. 1-23
Next
Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer variations?
Tower model
• Tall and narrow system unit that can sit on the floor vertically
p. 1.20 Fig. 1-23
Next
Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer variations? All-in-one computer
• Less expensive desktop that combines the monitor and system unit into a single device
p. 1.21 Fig. 1-24
Next
Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer variations?
Workstation
• More expensive and powerful desktop designed for work that requires intense calculations and graphics capabilities
Stand-alone
• Can perform the information processing cycle operations without being connected to a network
p. 1.21
Next
Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer variations?
Server• Powerful desktop that
manages the resources on a network
Clients or workstations• Other computers on
network that access the contents of the storage area on the servers
p. 1.22 Fig. 1-25
Next
Click to view video
Personal Computers
What is a notebook computer? Also called a laptop Portable, personal
computer small enough to fit on your lap
Generally more expensive than a desktop computer with equal capabilities
p. 1.22 Fig. 1-26
Next
Handheld Computers
What is a handheld computer?
Also called a palmtop computer
Small computer that fits in your hand
Click to view Web Linkthen click Handheld Computers
p. 1.23 Fig. 1-27
Next
Handheld Computers
How do you input data with a handheld computer?
Others use a stylus
• A stylus looks like a ballpoint pen, but uses pressure, instead of ink to write
Some have small keyboards
Some support voice input
p. 1.23
Next
Handheld Computers
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? One of the most
popular handheld computers in use today
Provides personal organizer functions • Calendar• Appointment book• Address book• Calculator• Notepad
p. 1.23 Fig. 1-28
Next
Handheld Computers
What are Web-enabled handheld computers? Allow you to access the Internet wirelessly
Web-enabled two-way pager
Web-enabled cellular telephone Web-enabled
handheld computer
p. 1.24 Fig. 1-29
Next
Internet Appliances
What is an Internet appliance or information appliance? Computer with
limited functionality whose main purpose is to connect to the Internet from home
p. 1.24 Fig. 1-30
Next
Internet Appliances
What is WebTV? An Internet
appliance in the form of a set-top box
Sits on top of or next to a television set and allows you to access the Internet on the TV
p. 1.25 Fig. 1-31
Next
Mid-Range Servers
What is a mid-range server? More powerful and
larger than a workstation computer
Supports up to 4,000 users
Often connected via a personal computer or terminal
Once known as a known as a minicomputerminicomputer
p. 1.25 Fig. 1-32
Next
Sometimes called dumb terminals• No processing
power
• Cannot stand alone
• Must be connected to a server to operate
Mid-Range Servers
What is a terminal?
Device with a monitor and keyboard used to access a server
p. 1.25
Next
Mainframes
What is a mainframe? Large, expensive,
very powerful computer
Can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously
Stores tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information
p. 1.26 Fig. 1-33
Next
Company on the Cutting Edge
International Business Machines (IBM)
Incorporated in 1911
The first family of computers with interchangeable software and peripherals
World’s largest information technology company
Click to view Web Linkthen click IBM
p. 1.26
Next
Supercomputers
What is a supercomputer? Fastest, most powerful computer
Able to process more than 12 trillion instructions per second
p. 1.26 Fig. 1-34
Next
1. Hardware
2. Software
1. Hardware
3. Data
1. Hardware
2. Software
4a. People (IT personnel)
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4b. People (users)
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4a. People (IT personnel)
5. Procedures
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4a. People (IT personnel)4b. People (users)
Elements of an Information System
What is an information system?
Click to view Web Linkthen click Minorities in Technology
Click to view Web Linkthen click Women in Technology
For an information system to provide accurate, timely, and useful information, each element must be present and all of the elements must work together
p. 1.27 Fig. 1-35
Next
Large Business
Examples of Computer Usage
What are five categories of computer users?
HomeMobile
Small Office/Home Office
Power
p. 1.28 Fig. 1-36
Next
p. 1.29 Fig. 1-37
Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?
researchfinance and business management
Web accessentertainment
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
How do computer companies accommodate children? Many
manufacturers design special hardware for children
p. 1.30 Fig. 1-38
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What is the digital divide? Idea that you can separate
people of the world into two distinct groups
• Those who have access to technology with the ability to use it
• Those who do not have access to technology or are without the ability to use itClick to view
video
p. 1.30
Next
Technology Trailblazer
Shawn Fanning As a 19-year-old
freshman computer science major, he developed the Napster software and company
Pioneering file-sharing concept has implications for all copyrighted digital information
Click to view Web Linkthen click Shawn Fanning
p. 1.30
Next
Web access
spreadsheet
What hardware and software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO) user?
Examples of Computer Usage
Desktop usage Local Area
Network (Lan) Productivity
software Specialty
software Web usage
p. 1.31 Fig. 1-39
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What new computer trends concern a small office/home office (SOHO) user? E-mail
• Communicate with others E-commerce
• Conduct financial business on the Web
Web cam
• Allows a SOHO user to show the world a live view of some aspect of their business
p. 1.31
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What is a mobile user? Travel to and from a
main office to conduct business
Hardware
• Notebook computers
• Handheld computers
• Web-enabled cellular telephones
Software
• Productivity
• Presentationp. 1.32 Fig. 1-40
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What are the needs of the large business user?
p. 1.33 Fig. 1-41
Next
Network• Local area network (LAN)• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Large business Web site Sales management Accounting Desktop publishing Information systems
department Productivity software Scheduling Web access
Examples of Computer Usage
What is a kiosk? A freestanding computer Usually has multimedia
capability and a touch screen
Used by a large business to provide information to the public
Click to view video
p. 1.34 Fig. 1-43
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What is telecommuting? A work
arrangement in which employees work away from a company’s standard workplace
Often communicate with the office using some communications technology
p. 1.34 Fig. 1-44
Next
Examples of Computer Usage
What are the needs of a power user? Requires the capabilities of a workstation or other
powerful computer Types of power users
• Engineers• Architects• Desktop publishers• Graphic artists
Typically work with multimedia• Combines text,
graphics, sound, video, and other media elements into one application
p. 1.35 Fig. 1-45
Next
• Provide family information
• Provide information about business
• Provide a resume online
• Provide online courses called distance-learning courses
Computer User as a Web Publisher
What is Web publishing? Making a Web page available on the Internet A few reasons to publish Web pages
p. 1.36 Fig. 1-46
Next
Computer User as a Web Publisher
What are other ways to use the Web? Photo communities
• Allow you to create an online photo album Electronic storefronts
• Allow a small business to advertise and take orders directly at a Web site
Communicate with others• E-mail• Chat rooms• Instant messaging
Click to viewanimation
p. 1.37 Fig. 1-47
Next
Summary of Introduction to Computers The digital revolution
What is a computer? The components of a computer Why is a computer so powerful? Computer software Networks and the Internet Categories of computers Personal computers
Next
Summary of Introduction to Computers (cont.) Handheld computers
Internet appliances Mid-range servers Mainframes Supercomputers Elements of an information system Examples of computer usage Computer user as a Web publisher
Next
Chapter 1 CompleteChapter 1 Complete