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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social Psychology:Meeting of the Minds
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social Cognition
How we perceive our social worlds and how we attend to, store, remember, and use information about other people and the social world
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Impressions
• How long does it take you to “size someone up” (i.e., decide if you like him or her, etc.)?
• What do you look for? What influences your impression? Are there “things” in particular that catch your attention?
• Does the information that you notice or receive first have a disproportionate influence on your impression? Why or why not?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Making an Impression
• Impression formation• Impression management• Social judgments in seconds!• Halo effect• Primacy effect
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Expectations can create outcomes
• Rosenthal & Jacobson– “Test” predicted student academics– Students performed as “predicted”
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attitudes and Behavior
• Attitudes– An overall evaluation about some aspect of
the world
• Attitudes and behavior do not always go hand in hand (e.g., cognitive dissonance).
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Cognitive Dissonance
Boring task
“Did you enjoy the task?”
$1
$20 “No”
“Yes”
Receive
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Cognitive Dissonance• Dissonance theory
– Reducing mismatch between behaviors and feelings
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
StereotypesWhat are stereotypes?
A belief or set of beliefs about people in a particular social category
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Look quickly at each “person” below. What is the first stereotype that comes to mind?
• Men• Women• Blondes• Redheads• Lawyers• Scientists• Professors• Grade school teacher• Physician
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Stereotypes
Stereotype consistent information• Prefer it• Process it faster• Attend to it more• Recall it faster
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Prejudice
Social Categorization (dividing the world into us and them)
• Ingroup• Outgroup• Illusory correlation• Illusion of outgroup
homogeneity– Ingroup differentiation
• Discrimination
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Understanding Prejudice
• Social Categorization Theory• Realistic conflict theory
– Competition for scarce resources
• Self-fulfilling prophecy• Social learning theory
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Yielding to Others
What is conformity?• A change in beliefs or behavior because of
pressure from others.– Informational social influence– Normative social influence
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Conformity: Asch’s Studies
1 2 3Find the matching line
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ComplianceWhat is compliance?• Change in behavior brought on by a direct
requestSix principles
– Friendship/liking– Commitment/consistency– Scarcity– Reciprocity– Social validation– Authority
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Compliance
• Foot-in-the-door technique• Lowball technique• Door-in-the-face technique
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Milgram Studies
Teacher and Learner
Obedience
What is obedience?•Compliance with an order from an authority figure
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Milgram Studies
Increasing Shocks for Errors
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The Milgram Studies
• 15 volts to 450 volts (“XXX”)• At 120 volts learner shouts in pain• At 150 volts learner asks to stop• At 300 volts learner pounds on wall• At 330 volts learner stops responding• Question: how far will teachers go?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Milgram Studies
• Psychiatrists predicted 2% would go to maximum level
• Actual results: 65% of teachers went to the maximum level
• Other factors• Ethical issues• What does this tell us about human
nature?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attribution
An explanation for the cause of an event or behavior
Humans seek to know the cause of actions! • What caused that behavior?
– Internal attributions• Dispositional attributions
– External attributions• Situational attributions
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attributional Biases
• Fundamental attribution error• Self-serving bias• Belief in a just world
– Blaming the victim
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Helping Others
• Altruism• Prosocial behavior• Catherine Genovese murder• Bystander effect
– Evaluation apprehension– Diffusion of responsibility
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Relationships: Liking
• Repeated contact• Similarity• Physical attraction
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Relationships: LovingIs there a soul mate for you? What does falling in love
feel like? Does that feeling last?
• Passionate love• Companionate love• Sternberg’s triangular model
of love– Passion– Intimacy– Commitment
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Social OrganizationsWhat are some common elements of group?• Interaction among members• Emotional connection• Common frame of reference• Interdependence• Norms• Roles• Status hierarchy• Sometimes deindividuation
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Decision Making in Groups
• Group polarization• Groupthink• Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous groups
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Performance in Groups
• Social loafing• Social compensation• Social facilitation
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Stanford Prison Experiment
How powerful is a role?
How does this study relate to the Abu Ghraib prison incident?