Chapter 6Chapter 6

LandformsLandforms

PlainsPlainsSec 6-1 H.W. pg 159 ques. 1-3Sec 6-1 H.W. pg 159 ques. 1-3

Plains are large, flat, often found in Plains are large, flat, often found in the interior regions of continents. the interior regions of continents.

They are ideal for agriculture, and They are ideal for agriculture, and usually have thick, fertile soil, and usually have thick, fertile soil, and large grassy meadows, that are ideal large grassy meadows, that are ideal for grazing animals, like cows.for grazing animals, like cows.

When a plain is close to the ocean, it When a plain is close to the ocean, it is called a coastal plain.is called a coastal plain.

Interior plains and coastal plains make Interior plains and coastal plains make up half of all the land in the U.S.up half of all the land in the U.S.

Interior PlainsInterior Plains

PlainsPlains A coastal plain is also known as a A coastal plain is also known as a

lowland, because it is lower in lowland, because it is lower in elevation, than the land around it.elevation, than the land around it.

We find interior plains between the We find interior plains between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.Mountains.

The largest of all the plains, the Great The largest of all the plains, the Great Plains, lies between the Rockies and Plains, lies between the Rockies and the Mississippi River.the Mississippi River.

The Great Plains are also called the The Great Plains are also called the highlands because of their high highlands because of their high elevation.elevation.

Coastal PlainCoastal Plain

PlateausPlateaus Plateaus are flat, raised areas of land made up Plateaus are flat, raised areas of land made up

of nearly horizontal rocks that have been of nearly horizontal rocks that have been uplifted by forces within the Earth.uplifted by forces within the Earth.

They differ from plains because their edges They differ from plains because their edges rise steeply from the land around them.rise steeply from the land around them.

Because of their hight due to the uplifting, it is Because of their hight due to the uplifting, it is common for plateaus to be cut through by common for plateaus to be cut through by deep river valleys and canyons.deep river valleys and canyons.

Ex: The Colorado River cut deep into the rock Ex: The Colorado River cut deep into the rock layers of a plateau to form the Grand Canyon.layers of a plateau to form the Grand Canyon.

MountainsMountains

Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain at 8,800 meters above sea level.at 8,800 meters above sea level.

There are 4 types of mountains:There are 4 types of mountains:

1)1) Folded mountainsFolded mountains

2)2) Fault-block mountainsFault-block mountains

3)3) Upwarped mountainsUpwarped mountains

4)4) Volcanic mountainsVolcanic mountains

Folded mountainsFolded mountains Folded mountains have Folded mountains have

layers of rock that layers of rock that appear to be folded appear to be folded like a rug.like a rug.

Ex: Appalachian and Ex: Appalachian and Rocky mountains of Rocky mountains of Canada.Canada.

Forces within the Earth Forces within the Earth squeeze horizontal squeeze horizontal rock layers together, rock layers together, causing them to fold.causing them to fold.

Upwarped MountainsUpwarped Mountains

Upwarped mountains Upwarped mountains form when blocks of form when blocks of Earths crust are Earths crust are pushed up by forces pushed up by forces inside of the Earth.inside of the Earth.

They have high peaks They have high peaks and sharp ridges.and sharp ridges.

Ex: Adirondack and Ex: Adirondack and Black Hills mountainsBlack Hills mountains

Fault-block MountainsFault-block Mountains Fault-block mountains Fault-block mountains

are made of huge, are made of huge, tilted blocks of rock tilted blocks of rock that are separated that are separated from surrounding rocks from surrounding rocks by faults, or large by faults, or large fractures in rock.fractures in rock.

These mountains have These mountains have majestic peaks and majestic peaks and steep slopes.steep slopes.

Ex: The Grand Teton Ex: The Grand Teton and Sierra Nevada and Sierra Nevada mountains of Wyoming mountains of Wyoming and California.and California.

Volcanic MountainsVolcanic Mountains Volcanic mountains Volcanic mountains

form when molten form when molten material reaches material reaches the surface through the surface through a weak area of the a weak area of the crust. The crust. The deposited materials deposited materials pile up, one on top pile up, one on top of another until a of another until a cone-shaped cone-shaped structure forms.structure forms.

Ex: Mt. St. Helens in Ex: Mt. St. Helens in Washington Washington

Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & LongitudeSec 6-2 H.W. pg 163 ques. 1-4Sec 6-2 H.W. pg 163 ques. 1-4

Latitude and longitude lines on the globe Latitude and longitude lines on the globe form an imaginary grid system that allows form an imaginary grid system that allows people to locate any place on Earth.people to locate any place on Earth.

Latitude lines, or parallels, are lines that Latitude lines, or parallels, are lines that run parallel to the Earth’s equator, which run parallel to the Earth’s equator, which is a line that circles the Earth, half way is a line that circles the Earth, half way between the North and South poles.between the North and South poles.

The Equator separates the Earth into The Equator separates the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Latitude lines never cross and are Latitude lines never cross and are measured in degrees. Omeasured in degrees. Oo o is the equator is the equator and each pole North and South is 90and each pole North and South is 9000. Go . Go in 15 degree intervals.in 15 degree intervals.

Below the equator is called South latitude Below the equator is called South latitude and above the equator is North latitude.and above the equator is North latitude.

LatitudeLatitude

Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & Longitude Longitude lines or meridians, are vertical Longitude lines or meridians, are vertical

lines on either side of the prime lines on either side of the prime meridian. meridian.

The prime meridian acts as a reference The prime meridian acts as a reference point for longitude lines, just like the point for longitude lines, just like the equator was a reference line for latitude.equator was a reference line for latitude.

The prime meridian is OThe prime meridian is O0 0 the longitude the longitude lines go up in intervals of 15lines go up in intervals of 150 0 around the around the globe to 180globe to 180oo..

Areas east of the prime meridian are Areas east of the prime meridian are east longitudes and west of the meridian east longitudes and west of the meridian they are west longitudes.they are west longitudes.

LongitudeLongitude

Prime MeridianPrime Meridian

The meridian does not circle the The meridian does not circle the globe like the equator. It runs from globe like the equator. It runs from the North pole, through Greenwich, the North pole, through Greenwich, England to the South pole.England to the South pole.

The meridian opposite the prime The meridian opposite the prime meridian is the 180 meridian.meridian is the 180 meridian.

When giving latitude and longitude When giving latitude and longitude coordinates we always give the coordinates we always give the latitude position first.latitude position first.

Time ZonesTime Zones Time is measured by tracking Earth’s Time is measured by tracking Earth’s

movement in relation to the Sun.movement in relation to the Sun. Each day is 24 hrs long, so we divide Each day is 24 hrs long, so we divide

the Earth into 24 different time zones.the Earth into 24 different time zones. Each time zone is 15Each time zone is 15oo of longitude of longitude

wide and is 1 hr different than the wide and is 1 hr different than the zones on either side of it. zones on either side of it.

The U.S. has 6 time zones.The U.S. has 6 time zones.

Time ZonesTime Zones

International Date lineInternational Date line

You lose and gain time as you enter You lose and gain time as you enter different time zones. If you travel far different time zones. If you travel far enough you will lose or gain a whole day. enough you will lose or gain a whole day.

The international date line is a transition The international date line is a transition line for calendar days and is near line for calendar days and is near longitude line 180.longitude line 180.

If you travel West across the date line you If you travel West across the date line you move your calendar forward a day.move your calendar forward a day.

If you travel east and cross the date line If you travel east and cross the date line you move your calendar back a day.you move your calendar back a day.

MapsMapsSection 6-3 pg 178 ques. 1-20Section 6-3 pg 178 ques. 1-20

Maps are made as projections. A Maps are made as projections. A projection is made when points and projection is made when points and lines on a globe are transferred to lines on a globe are transferred to paper.paper.

Projections are made different ways Projections are made different ways and usually distort the shapes of the and usually distort the shapes of the land masses on them.land masses on them.

Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection Used a lot on ships, Used a lot on ships,

but distorts the but distorts the land masses a lot. land masses a lot.

Robinson projectionRobinson projection Here the continent shapes are more Here the continent shapes are more

accurately depicted. And the longitude accurately depicted. And the longitude lines are curved like on a globe.lines are curved like on a globe.

Conic ProjectionConic Projection

These are used to to produce maps of These are used to to produce maps of small areas, and are not good for mapping small areas, and are not good for mapping the poles. They are made by projecting the poles. They are made by projecting points and lines of a globe onto a cone.points and lines of a globe onto a cone.

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps These maps model the changes in These maps model the changes in

elevation on Earth’s surface. They help elevation on Earth’s surface. They help to identify hills, mountains, and valleys.to identify hills, mountains, and valleys.

These maps have contour lines that These maps have contour lines that connect points of equal elevation.connect points of equal elevation.

If the change in elevation is steep the If the change in elevation is steep the contour lines are close together. If it is contour lines are close together. If it is not steep but slight then the lines are not steep but slight then the lines are farther apart.farther apart.

The difference in elevation b/w two The difference in elevation b/w two contour lines is called a contour contour lines is called a contour interval.interval.

Topographic MapTopographic Map

Map scales and LegendsMap scales and Legends H.W. pg 176-176 ques. 1-10 H.W. pg 176-176 ques. 1-10

A map scale shows you how to A map scale shows you how to calculate a distance on a map in calculate a distance on a map in comparison to actual distance on the comparison to actual distance on the Earth. Ex: 1 inch=10miles.Earth. Ex: 1 inch=10miles.

A map legend is used to explain what A map legend is used to explain what symbols on a map mean.symbols on a map mean.

Scale andScale and Legend Legend

Geologic MapsGeologic Maps

These maps are used to show the These maps are used to show the arrangements and types of rocks arrangements and types of rocks that are at the Earth’s surface.that are at the Earth’s surface.

These maps are used to locate and These maps are used to locate and extract natural resources.extract natural resources.

3-dimentional maps3-dimentional maps

Sometimes 2-D maps like Sometimes 2-D maps like topographic and geological maps are topographic and geological maps are not the best ways to depict an area. not the best ways to depict an area.

So we use 3-D computerized maps to So we use 3-D computerized maps to get a better idea of the surface get a better idea of the surface features of land. features of land.

3-D Map3-D Map

Test on chapter 6 in Test on chapter 6 in one one week!!!!!!!!!!!week!!!!!!!!!!!