Characteristics of life ii

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Study of BiologyStudy of Biology

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What is Biology?What is Biology?

BiologyBiology is the study of all is the study of all living thingsliving things

Living things are called Living things are called organismsorganismsOrganisms include bacteria, Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & protists, fungi, plants, & animalsanimals


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All Living Things Share All Living Things Share Common Common

CharacteristicsCharacteristics1.1. Basic Unit is the Basic Unit is the CellCell

2.2. They They ReproduceReproduce

3.3. All Based On Universal All Based On Universal Genetic Code Genetic Code (DNA)(DNA)

4.4. Grow & DevelopGrow & Develop


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Common Common CharacteristicsCharacteristics

5.5. Obtain & Use Materials & Obtain & Use Materials & EnergyEnergy

6.6. RespondRespond To Their To Their EnvironmentEnvironment

7.7. Maintain A Maintain A Stable Internal Stable Internal EnvironmentEnvironment

8.8. AS A GROUPAS A GROUP, Living Things , Living Things EvolveEvolve, That Is They Change , That Is They Change Over TimeOver Time


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Characteristics of Characteristics of OrganismsOrganisms


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All Organisms are All Organisms are made of Cellsmade of Cells


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Facts About CellsFacts About CellsCells are the Cells are the smallest living smallest living unitunit of an organism of an organism

All cells contain living All cells contain living material called material called cytoplasmcytoplasm

All cells are surrounded by a All cells are surrounded by a cell membranecell membrane that controls that controls what enters & leaves the cellwhat enters & leaves the cell


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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsCells are complex & Cells are complex & highly highly organizedorganized

Cells have parts Cells have parts called called organellesorganelles that that do different jobsdo different jobs

e.g. Chloroplasts in e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugarsplants make sugars


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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsThe simplest cells The simplest cells are called are called ProkaryotesProkaryotes

These cells These cells DO NOT DO NOT have a nucleus or have a nucleus or membrane-bound membrane-bound organellesorganelles

BacteriaBacteria are are examplesexamples


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More Cell FactsMore Cell FactsMore complex cells More complex cells are called are called EukaryotesEukaryotes

These cells These cells DO have DO have a nucleus and a nucleus and membrane-bound membrane-bound organellesorganelles

Plants, animals, Plants, animals, protists, & fungiprotists, & fungi are are examplesexamples


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Organisms are Grouped by Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cellstheir Number of Cells

Unicellular OrganismsUnicellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of

One CellOne Cell

Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of

Many, Specialized CellsMany, Specialized Cells


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Organisms Reproduce Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their to Pass on their Genetic TraitsGenetic Traits


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Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction

Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproductionInvolves 2 Involves 2 parentsparents

Egg fertilized by Egg fertilized by sperm to make a sperm to make a ZYGOTEZYGOTE

Offspring Offspring DIFFERENT from DIFFERENT from parentsparents


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Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction

Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproductionInvolves a single Involves a single organism or cellorganism or cell

Cell dividesCell divides

Offspring Offspring IDENTICAL to IDENTICAL to parentparent


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Cells Have a Genetic Cells Have a Genetic CodeCode


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Genetic CodeGenetic Code

DNADNA ( (deoxyribose nucleic deoxyribose nucleic acidacid) carries the genetic code ) carries the genetic code for all organismsfor all organisms

All organismsAll organisms contain DNA contain DNA

DNA DNA codes for the proteinscodes for the proteins that make up cells & do all that make up cells & do all the workthe work


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Organisms Grow & Organisms Grow & DevelopDevelop


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Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development

Organisms Organisms growgrow by by producing MORE producing MORE CELLS & by cell CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENTENLARGEMENT

Organisms Organisms developdevelop as they mature into as they mature into an adult organisman adult organism


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Cells Require Food & Cells Require Food & EnergyEnergy


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Food RequirementsFood RequirementsAutotrophsAutotrophs can make can make their own foodtheir own food

Photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs use use sunlight to make sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)food (photosynthesis)

Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as as iron & sulfur as their energytheir energy


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Food RequirementsFood Requirements

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs can NOT make can NOT make their own foodtheir own food

They must consume other They must consume other organismsorganisms

HerbivoresHerbivores eat plants eat plants

CarnivoresCarnivores eat meat eat meat

OmnivoresOmnivores eat plants & animals eat plants & animals


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MetabolismMetabolism

Sum of all the chemical Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organismreactions in an organism

All All require energyrequire energy

SunlightSunlight is the ultimate is the ultimate energy for life on Earth energy for life on Earth


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MetabolismMetabolism

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration – Cells releasing the chemical Cells releasing the chemical

energy stored in foodsenergy stored in foods

6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO


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Organisms Respond to Organisms Respond to StimuliStimuli

Organisms Organisms RespondRespond to to stimulistimuli (Temperature, Water, (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) Food Supplies, etc.) In Order In Order To Survive & ReproduceTo Survive & Reproduce


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HomeostasisHomeostasis

Keeping The Internal Keeping The Internal Environment Environment (Homeostasis)(Homeostasis) Of Of The Cell or Organism Within The The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For LifeRanges Required For LifeStable internal conditions of Stable internal conditions of pH, pH, temperature, water balance, etctemperature, water balance, etc..


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Living Things EvolveLiving Things Evolve

Groups Of Groups Of OrganismsOrganisms (Not (Not Individuals) Change Individuals) Change Over Time In Order Over Time In Order To Survive Within To Survive Within Changing Changing Environments.Environments.Fossil recordsFossil records show show changes in groups changes in groups of organismsof organismscopyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale

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Life is Organized on Life is Organized on Several LevelsSeveral Levels


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LevelsLevelsAtomsAtomsMoleculesMoleculesOrganellesOrganellesCellsCells – life starts – life starts herehereTissuesTissuesOrgansOrgansSystemSystemOrganismOrganism


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LevelsLevels

PopulationPopulation

CommunityCommunity

EcosystemEcosystem

BiosphereBiosphere


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Characteristics of life ii