Prenatal development is usually divided into three main periods. Zygote -

covers the first two weeks after conceptionends when the zygote implants into the wall of

the mother's uterus. Embryo -

from two to eight weeks following conceptionthe major organs and bodily systems form

Fetusfrom eight weeks after conception until birth grows tremendously in size and weight.

Messinger

Zygotic cell differentiation

Messinger

From zygote to embryo

Messinger

Prenatal behavioral development 9 weeks - movement 16 weeks - frowning, grimacing 25 weeks - moves to drumbeat 26 weeks - remembers sounds 32 weeks - all brain areas functioning 34 weeks - can habituate

Messinger

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

8 Stages of man

Each stage includes:

○ Significant relationship

○ Psychosocial crisis

○ Potential positive or negative outcome

Disagreement on ages of stages, even among contemporaries

• When you show me a ball (CS), at first it means

nothing. I enjoy interacting with my mom. (UCS). You play ball with me. When I

see the ball, I know I’m going to have fun (CR)

•Response- I like to push buttons as part of my exploring and sometimes I turn off the TV.

•Consequence- Mommy laughs and says, “no!”

•Result-I like it when mommy laughs, so I’m going to turn off the TV again.

• When the dog barked, I used to get scared.

• After a few days, the dog’s barking didn’t bother me.

• I’m learning by watching what others do.

Observational Learning Habituation

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning

I can think, perceive, or react to my environment in a new way.

Through my experiences—repetition, study, practice and observations, I can learn.

What I’ve really learned, I won’t forget. If I do, then I didn’t really “learn” it.

Basic Learning Processes in Infancy

Shaffer, D.R., &Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Operant Conditioning“Cool Operator” and the learning process

Operant Conditioning Learner first emits a response Associates this action with the pleasant or unpleasant consequences it

produces. Memory (Hayne &Rovee-Collier, 1995)

The length of time an infant is able to recognize and recall a previously learned task increases according to age (2 month old infants- 3 days vs. 3 month old infants- 1 week)

Reminders helped infants Context-dependant

Social Significance of Early Operant Conditioning Infant action Seeks positive reaction from caring adult Example- smiling infant (action) receives a positive reaction from an

adult who smiles in return (reaction) Shaffer, D.R., &Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Operant conditioning“Cool Operator”

Response- Consequence- Result- Piaget: Secondary

Circular Motions (4-10 Months) Intentionally repeats

behaviors or enjoyable actions

Operant Conditioning: Infant repeats action to

favorable responsePuckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.

If you can not view it on this PowerPoint, please go to the YouTube video

Click on black screen

Observational Learning“I see, I learn” Learning that results from observing the behavior of others Cognitive form of observational learning:

Observer attends carefully to the model Constructs symbolic representations (images or verbal summaries of

the model’s behavior) Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (pg 49)

Observational Learning○ Attention- the learner observes ○ Retention- retain by creating symbolic representations○ Reproduction- converts images into action○ Motivation- reinforcement or punishment

Deferred Imitation Intentionally repeats behaviors: secondary circular reactions and

coordination of secondary schemes- 8-12 months (Piaget, 1951) By age 9 months, some infants can imitate very simple acts up to 24

hours after they first observe them (Meltzoff, 1988c) Shaffer, D.R., &Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Observational Learning“I see, I learn”

Albert Bandura Attention- the learner observes Retention- retain by creating symbolic

representations Reproduction- converts images into

action Motivation- reinforcement or punishmentJean PiagetCoordination of Secondary Schemes (10-12

months): Applies previously learned behaviors

and activities to new situations; copying behaviors begin

Observational Activity1. Is the learner paying attention to the

model? 2. Did the learner reproduce image into

action? 3. What appears to be the motivation of the

learner?

Go to YouTube to view if you’re not able to see it here.

Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.

Click on black screen

Attachment An emotional tie with another

person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress in separation.

Factors of Attachment

Body Contact Familiarity Responsive Parenting

Body Contact It was first assumed that infants

became attached to those who satisfied their need for nourishment.

Then this guy came along……..

The Eight Stages Stage 3- Pre-school

- 3-6 years- Family - Initiative vs. Guilt

+ Purpose, direction- Ruthless, inhibition

Stage 4- School child- 6-12 years- Neighborhood, school, family- Industry vs. inferiority

+ Competence, initiation- Narrow character, low motivation

The Eight Stages Stage 5- Adolescent

- 12-20 years- Peer group - Identity vs. role confusion

+ Self certainty, fidelity- Withdrawal, fanaticism

– Experimentation of different roles to find one most suitable or comfortable

– Assimilating morals learned as a child to ethnics needed as adults (ChildStudy.net)

“Who am I?”

The Eight Stages Stage 6- Young adulthood

- Friends, co-workers, sexual partners- Intimacy vs. isolation

Stage 7- Middle adulthood- Family (partner, children), community- Generosity vs. self absorption

Stage 8- Late adulthood- Society, the world community- Integrity vs. despair

Application of Erikson’s Theory

Stage 4 (school age)Hands on projectsIncreasing influence

○ Encourage sense of accomplishment and self worth○ Finding the natural talents of individuals○ Stressing the importance of individual success

Infancy Learning Objectives

Students will become familiar with two of the four basic learning processes in infancy.

You will know you have learned the processes if you can explain and teach to another student: Learning (the big picture) Operant conditioning (cool operator) Observational learning (I see, I learn)

You will learn these two learning processes by: Reviewing the terms (look for the terms) Observing two videos and looking for the features of

operant conditioning and observational learningSummarizing what you’ve learning to a classmate

REFERENCES

Charlesworth, R. (2008.). Understanding child development : for adults who work with young children . Clifton Park, N.Y. : Thomson Delmar Learning, .

Puckett, M. ,. ((2007)). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN:: Redleaf Press.

Shaffer, D. &. ((2010). ). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence . Belmont,: CA: Wadsworth.

Trawick-Smith, J. W. (c2010.). Early childhood development : a multicultural perspective / Jeffrey Trawick-Smith. chicago: auckland press.

http://www.psych.umn.edu/psylabs/mtfs/special.htm (Charlesworth, 2008.)