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COHESIONCOHESION
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Parallelism
Paraphrase
Recurrence
Partial recurrence
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Personal pronouns
Possesive pronouns
Possesive determiners
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
participant
circumstance
this that
these those
here there
now then
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Comparison that is simply in terms of likeness and unlikeness: two things may be the same, similar or differente.g. same, likewise, other, more, better…
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?Exophoric ref
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?Exophoric ref
Eg. “That must have cost a lot of money”
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?
Endophoric ref Exophoric ref
Anaphoric ref
Cataphoric ref
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?
Endophoric ref Exophoric ref
Anaphoric ref
Cataphoric ref
The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Personal reference
Demonstrative reference
Comparative reference
Is the referent inside the text?
Is the referent outside the text?
Endophoric ref Exophoric ref
Anaphoric ref
Cataphoric ref
The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money
He who hesitates is lost
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal substitution
Verbal substitution
Clausal substitution
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal substitution
Verbal substitution
Clausal substitution
I’ve heard some strange stories in my time. But this one was perhaps the strangest one of all
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal substitution
Verbal substitution
Clausal substitution
John is smoking more now than he used to do
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal substitution
Verbal substitution
Clausal substitution
Is there going to be an earthquake? –It says so
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis
Clausal ellipsis
Four other oysters followed them, and yet another four
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis
Clausal ellipsis
Have you been swimming? Yes, I have
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Nominal ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis
Clausal ellipsis
What were they doing? Holding hands
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal
’to be able to see nobody! And at that distance, too!’
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal
’All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong’
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal
’you aren’t leaving, are you? Because I’ve got something to say to you’
TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976)& Hasan, 1976)
Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion ReferenceReference SubstitutionSubstitution EllipsisEllipsis ConjunctionConjunction
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal
The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit. Until then they had seen nothing of the panorama around them
