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Importance of Color in Food & Biotechnology

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1- What is color? • Color is a perception. It‘s based on the amount of

light reflected or transmitted by an object.

• Basically, in order for us to see, or perceive color three elements must be present...

• What is Light?

• How does the Object modifies incident light?

• How do the Eyes perceive color?

Let's look at these three elements in order.

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

LightLightColor Perception

① What is light?

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

Light Light

Color Perception

Sunlight Illuminant D65

Tungsten lampIlluminant A

Fluorescent lampIlluminant F

200

100

0

Wavelength (nm)

Dining room Convenience store, supermarket, office, factory

Natural light

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

Spectral Power Distribution of different light sources

② How does the object modifies the incident light?

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

Light Light

Color Perception

Spectral reflectance of apple's red color

Why does an apple appears red?

EyesEyes

Light Light

ObjectObject

Color Perception

How does the eyes perceive color?

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

Light Light

Color Perception

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

LightLight

How we see colorsRods and ConesRods and Cones

Color information is perceived by 3 kinds of cells called

"cones"

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The eye: Rods & Cones

Function in low or dim lightResponsible for night visionDo not distinguish color

Rods

Cones

Function in daylight Contain photo pigments for color Sensitive to different wavelengths

Short-wave receptor (blue – 437 nm)

Medium-wave receptor (green - 533 nm)

Long-wave receptor (red - 564nm)

Cone photopigments

Color Perception

Brain

Additive Mixing

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Perceptions vary ...

What color is this apple?

Each person expresses it differently

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Limitations of Visual Color Assessment

Visual color evaluation is affected by a wide number of factors .

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1 Light sourceLight source

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オーブン

Same

Example

Color of buns appear different under different light source

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Examples

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BackgroundBackground2

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Lightness contrastLightness contrast

Chroma contrast Hue contrastChroma contrast Hue contrast

Reddish orange Yellowish orange

Bright red Subdued red

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Viewing angleViewing angle3

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Example (1)

Red Deep red

Lightsource

Metallic, textured, or translucent objects

Dark Yellow

Light Yellow

The distance the light passes through the liquid (optical path length) changes.

Example (2)

Even for the same liquid

Light source

Dark Blue

Light source

LightBlue

The distance the light passes through the liquid (optical path length) changes.

Even for the same liquid

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ViewerViewer4

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Yellowish red

Bright red Vivid red

Hue arrangement testA test in which 100 disks having the same brightness and chromaticity but varying hues are arranged in order of hue to determine the capability of the examinee to judge slight color differences (DE*ab=1).

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Even if the light source, background, viewing angle, and viewer are kept constant ...

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Viewer's conditionViewer's condition

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MemoryMemory6

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Size differences 7

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Temperature Effect

Color White Orange Red Yellow Green Cyan Black

DE*ab

0.001 0.15 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.002

Color change for each 1°C change in temperature: (Material: Ceramic tiles)

For any material, in general if the temperature changes, the color also changes.

Either take measurements in a place which is temperature-controlled, or take measurements with both the target plate

and sample at the same temperature

Effect of temperature on color (Thermochromism)

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Standard’s Deterioration

Products

Standard ‘s Deterioration Products

Maintaining Color Standards

• Colors that fall between visual color standards are often difficult to communicate to others

• Selection of a chip as a match based on subjective selection of the chip that matches

• Reproducibility of color chips may be poor from set to set

• Color chips in a set need to replaced periodically due to fading

• Metamerism issues

Limitations in Visual Color Standards

Outdoors in sunlight, they have the same color.

But indoors, they have different colors... Why?

400 　 500 　 600 　700(nm)

400 　 500 　 600 　700(nm)

Metamerism

Same color Different Color

Color CardColor Card

Metamerism

Metamerism arises from the presence or use of different material or colorants in the objects under assessment.

Metamerism arises from the presence or use of different material or colorants in the objects under assessment.

Metamerism will not occur when assessment is carried on objects with same material or same colorants.

Metamerism will not occur when assessment is carried on objects with same material or same colorants.

•Metamerism is an effect created when objects having different spectral reflectance appear to have the same color under one light source but appear

different colors when viewed under a different light source.

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Difficulty in communication

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Light sourceLight source

Viewing angleViewing angle ViewerViewer

MemoryMemory

Viewer's conditionViewer's conditionBackgroundBackground

Size of ObjectSize of Object

TemperatureTemperature

Metamerism

Maintaing Color

Standards

Communication

problems

Size Weight

mg

Color

？

Quantification of Color

Color

？

• How we express and communicate the color and color difference to others accurately?

• How we document our findings and assessment .

• How can we ensure consistency if different inspectors are involved in the visual color assessment process?

Quantification of Color

“Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually improvement.”

~ H James Harrington

Let's look at the solutions to all these challenges…..

Quantification of Color

1. Visual color evaluation affected by a wide variety of factors, e.g., plant lighting, angle of observation, individual differences in color perception, etc.

2. Quantification of colors is not possible.

By using color instrumentationBy using color instrumentation

Color evaluation conditions can be kept constantColor evaluation conditions can be kept constant

Quantification of colors (expressing colors numerically) can be performed

Quantification of colors (expressing colors numerically) can be performed

Challenges In Visual Assessment

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We Eat with our Eyes

The Color of Food is important to us. Learn what this means for the quality Control, from raw materials to the product on the table.

Which orange look fresher?

Colors For Freshness & RIPNESS

Color is an important factor to determine the ripeness, freshness of foods (fruits) & is an important commercial factor to determine the right time of harvest.

The quality, taste and flavor are directly related with the color

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Raw Materials

Color measurement at stage of in coming raw materials ensures a uniform product color.

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Measurement of greenness of plant , Chlorophyll measurements helps to determine plant health. Nitrogen measurement & fertilizer management.

GREENNESS OF PLANT

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PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES

Color measurement is also important in preservation of foods & in order to establish suitable preservation techniques

Colors For Quality Grading

Color is the important factor used for grading of products, e.g the grading of flour, wheat, rice, sugar, fruits, noodles, dairy products & several agro food products is being done on the basis of color

Colors In Processing

Measurement of color is used to check the right processing of foods, e.g the food is cooked to the desired extent or not (Backing Contrast). Color is also very important in processing of dairy products.

PURITY OF PRODUCT

Color measurements (reflectance or transmittance ) also represent the purity of any product & a minor change reflacts the on going chemical changes.

DETERIORATON FACTOR

Color measurements helps to monitor deterioration & spoilage of foods . It is used to establish expiry dates of products

Colors In Packaging & PrintingColors enhance the appearance & appeal of food products, color imparts the most important first impression, even before the olfactory sense is tickled with pleasing aroma. In today’s retail world of behind glass, chilled, dried, vacuum-packed & plastic wrapped foods, eye-appeal is far more important than nose appeal.

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Protect your brand color

Your brand color is your Identity

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Preform & enclosures

BOXMORE INTERNATIONAL has tightened up their PET bottle pre-form quality with new instruments for both their Cape Town and Mauritius sites.

INSTAPLAST is a local reference using CM-3600d spectrophotometer for preform & enclousers color control

Color-measuring instrument consists of a light source and an "eye" (sensor).

EyesEyes

LightLight

ObjectObject

Sensor

4-Principle of Color Instrumentation

Surrounding light has no influence, so measurements are always taken under the same conditions

ObjectObject

EyesEyes

LightLightSensor

Color Instrumentation

Photo Sensors

Tristimulus Filters

Tristimulus Type Spectral Type

Ｘ ＹＺ

Types of Sensor

Spectral Sensors

Diffracting Grading

Ｘ Ｙ

Ｚ

C, D65 illuminants only2° observer only

Tristimulus values only

Various illuminants2°/10° observers

Tristimulus Values Spectral reflectance

Rugged; Eas of Usage High accuracy

Tristimulus versus Spectral Type

Reflectance TransmittanceTransmission reflectance

Measurement Methods

Translucent samples such as seaweed, jellies, meat, soup, etc.

Transparent samples such as drinks, tea, soy sauce, honey, juice, oils, etc.

Opaque samples such as miso, bread, snacks,

flavorings, beans, noodles, etc.

CIE Yxy Color Space （ 1931 ）

Hunter Lab Color Space （ 1948 ）

CIE L*a*b* / L*C*h* Color Space （ 1976）

CIE Yu’v’ Color Space （ 1976 ）

Development of Color Spaces

Quantification of Color

L*

a*

100=White

0=Black

+:Red- : Green

+ : Yellow

- : Blue

b*

CIE L*a*b* Color Space

• Measure the L*a*b* values of both the target and sample.

• Difference in lightness is expressed as DL* and difference in color as Da*, and Db*.

• Total Color difference is expressed as DE*ab, which is calculated from DL*, Da*, and Db*.

A: Color of target

B: Color of sample

Ｌ * ：50.7ａ * ：17.8 　ｂ * ：27.5

Ｌ * ： 45.8ａ * ： 20.5ｂ * ： 30.7

⊿ Ｌ * ：－ 4.9 darker⊿ ａ * ：＋ 2.7 redder⊿ ｂ * ：＋ 3.2 yellower

⊿ Ｌ * ：－ 4.9 darker⊿ ａ * ：＋ 2.7 redder⊿ ｂ * ：＋ 3.2 yellower⊿E*ab ： 6.4

Expressing color differences

Quantification of Color

Bread Cookies Fish Eggs Vege-tables

Fish paste

Bean paste

Soy sauce Fruits Rice

Tea Juice Meat Flour Coffee beans

Soba flour Jelly Milk Japanese

sweets Chocolate

Ice cream Natto Fried

foodsBean jam

buns Shiso

Soy-beans

Side dishes Wine Cheese Jam

Flavor-ings Pasta Mayon-

naise Sauces Snacks

Soup Sea-weed

Health foods

Bonito flakes

BBQ sauce

Mochi

Rice crackers

Alcohol

Bean sprouts

Kiwi fruit

Spices

Shellfish

Gum

Candy

Sprinkles

Sesame seeds

Azuki beans

Butter

Ice-cream cones

Noodles

Wheat germ

Powder

Paste

Liquid

Tablets

Rods

Granules

Solid

Wide variety of physical states

and shapes

Soft

Opaque

Translucent

Uneven/curved surface

Uneven color

Wet

Granule size

Agriculture & Food industry examples

KONICA MINOLTA

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Konica Minolta Color Readers provide an easy-to-useand more affordable solution to color differences and indices measurement in the AFI.

CR-10 - Color difference measurement in CIE L*a*b*, CIE L*C*H* and dE*ab. Useful when color standard is available.CR-11 - Specifically designed for measuring color in Munsell notationCR-14 - Whiteness and Yellowness indices from CIE, ASTM and Hunter. It also display measured value in Yxy.BC-10 - Baking Contrast Unit for baked, fried, smoked, and processed foods. It also display measured value in CIE L*a*b* and conduct statistical data for up to 16 readings.

Bread,vegetables, fruit

Applications of Color Readers

Butter, cheese, dairy products

Bread,cookies, bakery

items

Measurement of Flour with CR-10 by usingGlass Light Projection tube & Dairy with CR-14

Directly with Glass Light Projection Tube Dairy products with CR-14

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Chromameters

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Chroma Meter CR-400/410

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Chroma Meter CR-400/410 is widely accepted in Agriculture and Food industry due to its ruggedness, ergonomic vertical design, easy handling, user-index features, and abundance of accessories for different applications. CR-410 possesses a unique large measuring area of dia. 50mm that is best suited for samples with structured or uneven surfaces, granulates, and thus avoids averaging of several measurements.

Chroma Meter CR-400/410

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Measuring fruits & Granules

Measurement of liquid, powders & paste by CR-410

Glass Light-Projection Tube

　 Wrap sample in colorless transparent plastic or use a glass-tipped light projection tube or glass cover for

measurements.

Granular-Materials Attachment

Jig for measuring powders

Measurement of wet & dry material by using CR-410

Measurement of noodles, flour & bread by using CR-410

User Equation Function For User Index/ Grading/Classification

CR-400 Series inspect, sort, select, classify or grade food product anywhere. Customised define or industry-specified evaluation formulas should be easily set-up in the instrument.

User Equation& Classification

CR-410

Loose Tea Measurement

CR-410Attach Glass Light-Projection

Tube to the instrument and place directly on sample in

container to take measurements.

Evaluation is performed using L*a*b* and h (hue) from

L*C*h.

Measuring area:

Ø50mm

Loose Tea Measurement Method

CR-410

ReflectanceMeasurement

of ground coffee powder

Coffee Measurement

Grading of nori by color measurement

CR-410

Transmission reflectance

Nori (Dried Seaweed) Measurement

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Meat Industry Standards

The University of the Free State is leading the field in new management techniques for measuring Meat quality and Meat standards. Various private companies and state bodies in Kenya and Botswana have followed suit, all employing the user friendly CR-400 Series Chroma Meters.

Measurement of Meet by using CR-410

O2

Reduced formDeoxymyoglobin

(Fe2+) Purple

Oxygenated formOxymyoglobin(Fe2+) Vivid red

Oxidized formMetmyoglobin(Fe3+) Brown

Cut open

Inside fresh beef (oxygen-free state), myoglobin exists in the reduced form (deoxymyoglobin).

When such meat is cut open and exposed to air, deoxymyoglobin mixes with air to form the oxygenated form (oxymyoglobin).

Even if the beef is stored at low tem-peratures, oxidation will gradually progress and the oxymyoglobin will change to the oxidized form (metmyoglobin) with trivalent iron ions.

Low-temperature storage

Time

Images supplied by Mr. Mitsumoto, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

O2

What is Myoglobin (Colorant)?

Spectral reflectance curves of meatEach of the three forms of myoglobin, the main factor of color change in meat, has a distinct

spectral curve.

Distribution prohibited

Reflectance

CR-400

Application: Eggs

The color of the yolks can be adjusted by changing the feed fed to the hens.

Example of measuring egg yolks

Visual evaluation using an egg yolk color chart (15 cards)

Evaluation using CR-400

Yolk is placed in a container and measured

Search for the color card with color closest to that of the egg yolk.

Egg yolk color evaluation methods

To ensure uniform quality for shipped sea bream with the aim of establishing a brand image.

Color control of farmed sea bream

CR-400Reflectance

Application: Farmed Fish (Sea Bream)

Heada* ＝ 7

Dorsal areaa* ＝ 12

AbdomenL* ＝ 70

Glass Light Projection Tube

Color is controlled to enable shipment within a uniform color range.

Measurement example

30 to 50 sea bream are taken as samples from the large quantity of

fish in the fish pen, and the coloring is inspected.

Measurement of Fruits color to determineright time of harvest

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For CR-400/CR-410

For measuring liquids or pastes

Optional Acessories

Liquid reflectance measuring jig

Optional Acessories

Granular material attachment Light Projection Tube

Transmittance measurement set

Applications of Chromameter In Food Industries

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WIRE LESS COMMUNICATION

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10 Reasons for CM-700d

1 Perfect handling and positioning on shaped and rounded samples

2 Large back lighted Color Display for color-data & -graphics

3 Wireless bidirectional Data Communication by

Bluetooth® technology

4 Interchangeable apertures 8mm (MAV)

and 3mm (SAV) (CM-700d model only)

5 High energy flash illumination for best

repeatability on dark colours

6 Simultaneous SCI/SCE measurement +

correlated gloss value

7 Unmatched inter-instrument agreement

for best data compatibility

8 Full conformity with CIE and ISO norms

for best absolute accuracy

9 Best inter-model agreement with CM-3600d

bench-top instruments series

10 Free choice of power sources (Batteries, rechargeable batteries + AC) = always ready

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Food Detective on Discovery

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Reference

New customers Freddy Hirsch and Flavourcraft have purchased CM-700d instruments to manage spice and food colourants in their blends. Customers like Nandos are becoming much more discerning in their requirements and these two companies now lead the field.

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SKIN COLOR

HBIndex

MelaninIndex

Skin Color Analysis Software

Optional Accessories

Light projection tube

Transmittance measurement set

Applications of SpectrophotometerCM-700d In Food Industries

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Spectrophotometer CM-2600d

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Minolta CM-2600dWorld First portable Spectrophotometer with

Numerical Gloss Control

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Minolta CM-2600dWorld First portable Spectrophotometer with

Numerical UV Control

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Minolta CM-2600dWorld First portable Spectrophotometer with

Real Sample

Observation

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Minolta CM-2600d

Real One Hand Operation

Weight only 670 g

Two button

Operation

Compact Body69 x 96 x 193

mm

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Minolta CM-2600d

Large Display

All Information at a Glance

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Minolta CM-2600d

Instrument Settingsby

Navigation Wheel

Extremely easy operation

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Minolta CM-2600d

Zoom Lens

Perfect for small and large Samples

Exchangeable Target Mask 3 and 8 mm

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Minolta CM-2600d

Talks in 6 languages

Perfect interactive communication

Express color assessments in

clear words

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Compatibility with Software

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Minolta CM-2600d

Powered by batteries

orAC-AdapterPerfect for indoor and outdoor

usage

No No charge

time required

Glass cover

　 Wrap sample in colorless transparent plastic or use a glass-tipped light projection tube or glass cover for

measurements.

Meat, fish, cheese

Ø2.8-3mm Target Mask

Medicines, Candies

Measurement of wet & dry material by using CM-2600d

Glass cup

Beverage, Ketchup, Juice

Measurement of Liquids using CM-2600d

Green leaf juice is measured without any

backing.Green leaf juice measurement

Kyusai Co Ltd. (Japan)

Leaf Juice Measurement

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Spectrophotometer of next generation, All in one CM-5 Spectrophotometer

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Features of CM-51.  It is highly accurate stand alone type & Can measure any thing, Covers unlimited applications3. Covers both Reflectance & Transmittance4.  Auto calibration5.  Large color LCD6.  Wizard guide7.  Avoid Multiuser confusion with USB8.  Seven-Languages 9.  Five New Indices    The CM-5 comes with 5 new indices which also makes it best spectrophotometer for food, chemical, pharmaceutical, & cosmetics technologists. a.   Gardnerb.   Iodinec.   Hazen (APHA)d.   European Pharmacopoeia e.   US Pharmacopeias 10.      Light Weight & compact11.      High data storageIt can measure up to 4000 measurements & up to 1000 target color data.12.      Simplifies sample preparationFunctional design & Flow of operations suits for fast & easy measurements in Laboratory or production with a minimum time for sample preparation & instrument setting.13.      Accuracy on dark samplesPulsed Xenon flash illumination assures long life & high accuracy on dark samples.

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Simple & Verstate CM-5

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Industry Specific Indices

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Unlimited Applications

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CM-5 Video

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CM-5 covers wide range of applications

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References

France, Japan , Singapore

Japan

Nestle Grand Froid SA in France

Netherlands

France

Singapore

Newzeland

UK

Nihon Tetra Pak

Thailand, UK

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Spectra Magic NX-Pro

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References

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References

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Don't paint yourself into a corner

Quality is remembered long after the price is forgotten.

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Syed Mobeen-ul-Haq Senior Marketing Manager

======================BIN RASHEED (PVT.) LTD29-G-5, MODEL TOWN,LAHORE-54700PAKISTAN++++++++++++++++++++++Dir : +92 - 42 - 358 - 43357 : +92 - 42 - 358 - 51398Cell : +92 - 300 - 401 - 3530Fax : +92 - 42 - 3586 - 4283 /+92-42-3591-7011++++++++++++++++++++++Email: s.mobeen@binrasheed.com service@binrasheed.comWeb: www.binrasheed.com http://www.konicaminolta.com/instruments/index.html

PREPARED BY MR.MOBEEN WITH KONICA MINOLTA COLLABORATIONFOR MORE INFORMATIONS CONTAT BRLOW