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Aerobic composting process, methods and technology and brief description on the conversion stages from mature compost into granule organic fertilizers. This article was presented before a steering committee in Jakarta in August 2012 on a MSW project.
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COMPOSTING BASICS
DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
STABILIZATION OF ORGANIC MATTER
COMPOST (HUMUS, CRUMBLY TEXTURE)
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NATURAL PROCESS HUMAN INTERVENTION
ACCELLERATION,HIGHER QUALITY AND BETTER SANITATION
SLOWLY, UNCONTROLLED QUALITY;MAY CAUSE POLLUTION
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COMPOSTING PROCESS
ORGANIC MATTER
WATER
OXYGEN
COMPOST
WATER
HEATCO2
MICROBIAL PROCESS
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DECOMPOSERS
• BACTERIA• FUNGI• ACTINOMYCETES• PROTOZOAMICROORGANISM
• MITES• MILLIPEDES• INSECTS• SOWBUGS• EARTHWORMS• SNAILSINVERTEBRATES
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ORGANISM IN THE FOOD WEB
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TEMPERATURE
Thermophilic>50° C (>120°F)
Mesophilic10-45C (50° - 110° F)
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TYPES OF MICRO-ORGANISM
AEROBIC
• Require a minimum 5% oxygen
• Most rapid and effective
• Generate heat and CO2
• Psychrophilic: 5° C (40°F)
• Mesophilic: 10° - 45° C (50°- 110° F)
• Termophilic: >50° C (120°)
ANAEROBIC
• Thrive on oxygen deficient environment
• Refer to as Fermentation
• Generate offensive odor
(H2S, cadaverine and putrescine )
• Produce toxins to plants (acids and alcohols)
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KEY FACTORS TO COMPOSTING
• The range between 25:1 to 40:1 → efficient processC:N Ratio
• The smaller the size the faster the processSurface Area & Particle Size
• Air circulation enhances aerobic decompositionAeration
• Spaces between particle enable supply of oxygenPorosity
• Optimum moisture content is 50% to 60% Moisture Content
• Optimum temperature range is between 32°to 60° CTemperature
• Optimum pH ranges between 6.5 to 7.5pH of Material
• Adequate levels of P and K are importantNutrients
• Heavy metals are toxic to thermophilic bacteriaToxic Substance
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CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO
Materials with high Nitrogen values C : N
Poultry manure with litter 13-18:1
Vegetable waste 12-20:1
Pig manure solids 15-25:1
Dairy manure 20:1
Material with High Carbon Values C : N
Wood chips and sawdust 100-500:1
Paper 150-200:1
Straw 40-100:1
Foliage (green) 30-80:1
Material with Neutral C:N Ratios C : N
Peat moss 18-36:1
Horse manure with litter 30-60:1
Source: British Columbia Department of Agriculture and Food, 199510/8/2012 9Wirajasa Teknik Industri
PRE-PROCESSING
MIXING
Optimize C : N Ratio Increase Homogeneity
SHREDDING
Increase Surface Area Increase Porosity
SORTING
Accept Biodegradables Reject Contaminants
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COMPOSTING METHODS
Passive Windrow and Bin Composting• Low Technology and Medium Labor cost• Medium quality product
Turned Windrow• Medium technology and Medium labor cost• Uniform product
Aerated Static Pile• Medium technology and Low labor cost• Non uniform product
In-Vessel and Agitated Bed•High technology and Low labor cost•Uniform product
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PASSIVE WINDROW
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TURNED WINDROW
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AERATED STATIC PILE
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IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING
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AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
750
mm
Aeration Piping
Rail
Raw Compost
Mature CompostMature Compost
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AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
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COMPOST TURNER
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TOP AND SIDE VIEW
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AERATION PIPING IN FLOOR
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COMPOSTING PLANT LAYOUT
Decomposition Bed/Channel
Shredder
Fertilizer Production Area
Product Storage
Loader
Length 190 m
Wid
th 5
6 m Material Flow
145m
Compost Turner
36 m
28 m
Conveyor
Compost TurnerMonitoring Room
Laboratory
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Decomposition Bed/Channel
FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
MATURE COMPOST
1.CRUSHING
2. FILTERING5. SCREENING/
COOLING
4. DRYING
3. GRANULATING 6. PACKING
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Note: For more information on the production process see separate presentation.
MARKETING STATEGY
Diversified Products
Recorded Field Test Networking
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THANK YOU谢谢
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For more information please contact Suhardiyoto Haryadi, email address: [email protected] or [email protected]
