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Oplægget blev holdt ved InfinIT-arrangementet "Fra arbejdsgange i praksis til smidige, procesorienterede IT-systemer", der blev afholdt den 25. januar 2011. Læs mere om arrangementet her: http://www.infinit.dk/dk/hvad_kan_vi_goere_for_dig/viden/reportager/saet_stroem_til_forvaltningen.htm
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Infinit Seminar, ITU, 25 January 2011
Computerstøttet samarbejdeComputer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)Kjeld Schmidt, IOA, CBS
25 January 2011
CSCW research area✤ First CSCW conference 1986✤ Several conference series
✤ ACM CSCW✤ ECSCW✤ ACM GROUP✤ COOP✤ IEEE CSCW-D✤ …
✤ Specialized scholarly journal since 1992
25 January 2011
“Joe One”: First Soviet nuclear weapon test, 29 August 1946
25 January 2011
Collaborative computing: paradigms✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of communication among workers
✤ Coordination technologies
SABRE 1964Whirlwind 1951
SAGE 1958
25 January 2011
Collaborative computing: paradigms✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of communication among workers
✤ Coordination technologies
SABRE 1964Whirlwind 1951
SAGE 1958
Limitations: No support for improvised coordination(apart from conversation and telephone!)
25 January 2011
Collaborative computing: paradigms✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of communication among workers
✤ Coordination technologies
MAILBOX 1965Network email 1971
25 January 2011
Collaborative computing: paradigms✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of communication among workers
✤ Coordination technologies
MAILBOX 1965Network email 1971
Limitations: Message exchange not integrated with ordinary work tools(messaging implemented as application)
25 January 2011
Collaborative computing: paradigms✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of communication among workers
✤ Coordination technologies
25 January 2011
✤ Production planning and control systems
✤ Workflow management systems
✤ Document management systems
✤ Electronic patient records
✤ Project management systems
✤ Group calendar systems
Coordination technologies
25 January 2011
Coordination technologies
✤ Limitations:
✤ Cannot be combined (implemented as applications)
✤ Cannot be integrated with ordinary work tools (e.g., CAD)
✤ Cannot be modified (rigid coordination protocols)
✤ To overcome this requires
✤ Common set of elementary objects and operations
25 January 2011
CSCW research program✤ Cooperative work practices:
An enormous variety!
✤ Development of a common set of elementary objects and operations requires
✤ ethnographic studies of cooperative work practices
✤ systematic abstraction
25 January 2011
CSCW research program✤ Cooperative work practices:
An enormous variety!
✤ Development of a common set of elementary objects and operations requires
✤ ethnographic studies of cooperative work practices
✤ systematic abstraction
25 January 2011
‘Logics of coordinative practices?’
25 January 2011
A key issue: ‘primitives’ (1)
✤ Interactive computing:
✤ Object primitives: ‘examples of objects in [Xerox] Star are text characters, text paragraphs, graphic lines, graphic illustrations, mathematical summation signs, mathematical formulas, and icons. Every object has properties …’
✤ Elementary operations: ‘Star has a few commands that can be used throughout the system: MOVE, COPY, DELETE, SHOW PROPERTIES, COPY PROPERTIES, AGAIN, UNDO, and HELP. Each performs the same way regardless of the type of object selected’
Smith et al.: ‘The Star user interface: An overview’, AFIPS’82: Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, 7-10 June 1982.
25 January 2011
A key issue: ‘primitives’ (2)
✤ Computer-mediated communications (e.g., email):
✤ Early concepts:
✤ TO {user@host}, FROM, AUTHOR, TITLE, ACKNOWLEDGMENT {success / failure (time out) / normal}, TYPE {long / urgent / ordinary} (RFC 469, 8 March 1973)
✤ Later developments
✤ object primitives: message, sender (From), recipient (To, Cc, Bcc), Date, Subject…
✤ elemental operations: Send, Reply, Reply-to-all, Forward, Redirect…
✤ CSCW?
25 January 2011
Is this research program exotic?
25 January 2011
Distributed computing::Proliferation of machine systems
✤ Administration, accounting, finance
✤ Manufacturing, process industries✤ Transportation (e.g.,
containerization)✤ Architecture, construction,
engineering✤ Clinical work✤ Scientific laboratories✤ Newspaper production✤ Radio, TV, and movie production
25 January 2011
Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often based on systematic empirical studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences (France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers, 1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung zur Technologie, oder zur Kenntniß der Handwerke, Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011
Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often based on systematic empirical studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences (France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers, 1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung zur Technologie, oder zur Kenntniß der Handwerke, Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011
Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often based on systematic empirical studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences (France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers, 1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung zur Technologie, oder zur Kenntniß der Handwerke, Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011
The pin manufacture, Normandy, 17-18th centuryAccording to Descriptions des arts et métiers, 1761
25 January 2011
The ‘human computer’
✤ de Prony: Calculation manufacture
✤ Mechanical calculators
✤ Punched-card tabulators…
✤ Origin of digital computing: cooperative calculation in science and engineering
25 January 2011
“Joe One”: First Soviet nuclear weapon test, 29 August 1946
25 January 2011
