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ICCT and IMarEST presentation on the definition of marine black carbon emissions at the IMO on 30 January 2012.
Citation preview
Definition and measurement
of marine black carbon
emissions
Ray Minjares & Galen Hon
IMO BLG 16
London, UK
30 January 2012
Overview
Background
Properties
Definition
Measurement
Findings
Impacts
Background
Background
Background
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and
Prospects. http://columbia.us1.list-
manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976
Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 1880-2011
Background
2011 Annual Mean Surface Temperature Anomaly relative to 1951-1980 base period
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and Prospects.
http://columbia.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976
Background
IPCC shows
black carbon has
already
contributed
significantly to
climate warming
ICCT graphical representation of Figure 2.22 contained in Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J.
Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric
Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Slide 7
Properties
Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011). The Impact of Black
Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Properties
1. Solid carbonaceous fraction of
particulate matter emissions
2. Strongly light-absorbing
3. At least 80 percent carbon by
mass
4. Stable at high temperatures
(refractory)
5. Insoluble in water
6. Product of pyrolisis
7. Exists as chain aggregates of
spherules 20-50nm in diameter
8. Molecular structure dominated
by sp2 bonds
9. Absorbs radiation across a wide
spectrum
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Definition
Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.
Other Commonly Used Terms
Soot Particles formed during the quenching of gases at the outer edge of flames of organic
vapours, consisting predominantly of carbon, with lesser amounts of oxygen and hydrogen
present as carboxyl and phenolic groups and exhibiting an imperfect graphitic structure.
(Charlson and Heinstzenberg, 1995, p.406)
Elemental carbon Carbonaceous material that does not oxidize below a temperature threshold of 350
degrees C (Cachier, H., Brémond, M.-P., and Buat-Ménard, P. (1989)
Graphitic carbon An allotrope of carbon defined by a molecular structure that consists of planar layers of sp2
carbon bonds.
Measurement
Filter-Based In-Situ
Measurement
Filter-Based Methods
Transmittance/reflectance methods Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP)
Aethalometer (AE31)
Multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP 5012)
Thermal speciation methods DRI carbon analyzer (IMPROVE_A)
Measurement
In-situ methods
Photo-acoustic Micro-soot sensor (AVL 483)
Photo-acoustic soot spectrometer (PASS-1)
Refractive index-based Not commercially available
Laser-induced incandescence Single particle soot photometer (SP2)
Difference method Not commercially available
Measurement
Evaluation of techniques for measurement of BC emissions from international shipping
Findings
1. Black carbon is well defined and can be effectively measured.
2. The photo-acoustic technique is the preferred method, although other techniques reviewed can provide reasonably precise measurements.
3. Parallel measurement of light absorption using the IMPROVE_A protocol provides data useful to correlate with ambient air quality measurements
4. A review of mass absorption efficiency of BC emissions from international shipping would provide further measurement validation
5. A protocol for sampling BC emissions from international shipping can provide measurement consistency
6. Measurement methods should be re-evaluated periodically to account for scientific advances
Impacts
Forcing of black carbon in the atmosphere and cryosphere in the year 2000
Adapted from Fig 3 in Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying
immediate radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011
Impacts
Global average forcing of black carbon per unit mass, by region
Fig 5 in Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying immediate
radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011
Impacts
Average Monthly Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Sep 1979-2010
National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2008
Impacts
Marine BC emissions north of 60° (2005-2050), BAU and high growth scenarios
Corbett, J., Lack, D., & Winebrake, J. (2010). Arctic shipping emissions inventories and
future scenarios. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, (10), 9689–9704.
For further information please contact
Ray Minjares, Climate and Health Program
International Council on Clean Transportation
+1 415.202.5748
Galen Hon, Starcrest Consulting Group
+1 206.819.1723
References
Arctic Council An Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Options for Black Carbon for the Arctic Council.
(2011). An Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Options for Black Carbon for the Arctic Council. A Technical
Report of the Arctic Council Task Force on Short-Lived Climate Forcers (pp. 1–178). Arctic Council.
Bond, T. C., & Bergstrom, R. (2006). Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review.
Aerosol Science and Technology, 40(1), 27–67.
Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying immediate radiative forcing by black
carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–
1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011
Corbett, J., Lack, D., & Winebrake, J. (2010). Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, (10), 9689–9704.
Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T. K., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., et al. (2007). Chap
02: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and Prospects.
http://columbia.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976
Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R., & Arnott, W. (2009). Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review.
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 110(11), 844–878.
Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011). The
Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Programme.
Watson, J., and Chow, J. (2010) Defining elemental and black carbon in the atmosphere. Presentation to the
AWMA International Specialty Conference on Leapfrogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement, 10-14
May, Xi’an, China.
Additional Slides
Impacts
Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011).
The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Country contributions to anthropogenic BC emissions north of 40°C in the year 2000
Impacts
Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011).
The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Trends in marine emissions of BC for 2000 to 2007 related to activities at Svalbard
Estimated health impacts of carbonaceous
particle emissions north of 40°in the year 2012
Prevention of air pollution from ships. Submission of Clean Shipping Coalition to 62nd
session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee. 6 May 2011. MEPC 62/INF.32