Digestion Transport and Excretion

Biological Levels of Organization?

….remember these?

Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, System, Organ……

Histology….what does it mean?

Direct Exchange

What is being exchanged? …between what two things?

Indirect Exchange

1. Why is this indirect exchange?

2. How is it different than direct exchange?

How Do Organisms Obtain Food from their Environment?

Suspension Feeding, ….(also known as “Filter Feeding”)

Substrate Feeder

How is this different than Suspension Feeding?

Fluid Feeder

Symbiosis? …parasitism? …commensalism? …mutualism?

Bulk Feeder

Anabolic or Catabolic?

Hydrolysis?

Digestion?

Where would these processes occur in your body?

What structure is marked by the arrows? How do you know this to be true?

Concept Check

• Two molecules that can cross a lipid bilayer without help from membrane proteins are O2 and CO2.

• What properties of the O2 and CO2 molecules allow them to diffuse across cell membranes?

• Hint: Are the molecules polar? …non-polar?

The Fluid Mosaic Model… (What ‘s a “Mosaic”?)

What is this arrangement of macromolecules called?

Write captions for a) ….and b)

1) What is “carnivory”?

2) What is herbivory?

3) Explain how each alimentary canal is well adapted to a) carnivory …and b) herbivory

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8edk6nGMwMs

Sarcodines…no, it’s not an island in the Mediterranean

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

Osmosis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkPiRT2ewVA

Concept Check

• If a Paramecium were to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would the activity of its contractile vacuole increase or decrease? Why?

Write a caption for diagram…use these terms:

a. Kinetic energy

b. Diffusion

c. Semi-permeable membrane

d. Osmotic balance

Concept Check• This diagram represents osmosis of

water across a semipermeable membrane. The U-tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right hand U-tube?

a) Add more water to the left hand side.

b) Add more water to the right hand side.

c) Add more solute to the left hand side.

d) Add more solute to the right hand side.

Answer

•This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U-tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right hand U-tube?

c) Add more solute to the left hand side.

Intrinsically speaking…what is an intrinsic membrane protein?

Concept Check

• Why would water molecules need a transport protein (aquaporin) to move rapidily and in large quantities across a cell membrane?

1) What kind of proteins are these proteins?

2) Write a caption for the picture…

Hmmm…this reminds me of something we have already discussed…

…something about the action of a certain hormone/enzyme?

How Insulin Works

• Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

Explain how this diagram shows selective permeability of proteins.

Thermoregulation

Endothermy

Perch-Freshwater Fish

Osmoregulation

Cod: Saltwater Fish

Gillarch

Directionof waterflow

Operculum(gill cover)

Gillarch

Bloodvessels

Oxygen-richblood

Oxygen-poorblood

Lamella

Gillfilaments

Water flowbetweenlamellae

Blood flowthroughcapillariesin lamella

Countercurrent exchange

Blood flow insimplified capillary,

showing % O2

Diffusionof O2 fromwater toblood

Water flow, showing % O2

100 70 40 15

5306080

Gillarch

Directionof waterflow

Operculum(gill cover)

Gillarch

Bloodvessels

Oxygen-richblood

Oxygen-poorblood

Lamella

Gillfilaments

Water flowbetweenlamellae

Blood flowthroughcapillariesin lamella

Countercurrent exchange

Blood flow insimplified capillary,

showing % O2

Diffusionof O2 fromwater toblood

Water flow, showing % O2

100 70 40 15

5306080

Gillarch

Directionof waterflow

Operculum(gill cover)

Gillarch

Bloodvessels

Gillfilaments

Gillarch

Bloodvessels

Oxygen-richblood

Oxygen-poorblood

Lamella

Gillfilaments

Water flowbetweenlamellae

Blood flowthroughcapillaries inlamella

Countercurrent exchange

Blood flow insimplified capillary,

showing % O2

Diffusionof O2 from

water toblood

Water flow, showing % O2

100 70 40 15

5306080

Salmon Body Fluids Ocean Water Fresh Water

Total Solute Concentration 1.0% 3.5% < 0.1%

% NaCl 50% (approx.) > 99% n/a

Excretion

• High NaCl concentration in the medulla promotes reabsorption of water

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion

Animation: Bowman’s Capsule and Proximal Tubule

Animation: Collecting Duct

Animation: Effect of ADH

Animation: Loop of Henle and Distal Tubule