DIVERSITY IN LIVING DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMSORGANISMS

WRIT

TEN AND E

DITED B

Y :-

NANDEESH LAXETTY

IX C

INTRODUCTIONEvery organism whether plant or animal is

unique in itself. There is a wide diversity in the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in the world. The diversity we see today is the result of 3.5 billion years of organic evolution. During the course of this evolution several species vanished from the surface of the Earth and became extinct. It is estimated that more than fifty times the existing species have become extinct. With such a vast number of organisms - both living and extinct, it becomes impossible to study every one of them at individual level. This task of studying the diversity of living organisms can be made easier and more effective if the various organisms are arranged in an orderly manner.

PLANT KINGDOM

THALLOPHYTATHALLOPHYTA

The plant body is not differentiated The plant body is not differentiated into stem, root and leaves but is in into stem, root and leaves but is in the form of an undivided thallus.the form of an undivided thallus.

Vascular tissues are absent. Vascular tissues are absent.

The reproductive organs are single-The reproductive organs are single-celled and there is no embryo celled and there is no embryo formation after fertilization. formation after fertilization.

This division includes three sub-This division includes three sub-divisions: algae, fungi and lichens. divisions: algae, fungi and lichens.

BRIOPHYTA

• Moss and Liverwort belong to this variety of plants. There are the simplest form of land plants. The plant body is flat and lack true leaves and roots. The upper surface of the plant body produces a stalk which bears a capsule. The capsule contains spores.

PTERIDOPHYTAPTERIDOPHYTA The plant body is differentiated The plant body is differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. into stem, leaves and roots.

Vascular system is present. Vascular system is present.

Leaves usually have leaflets. Leaves usually have leaflets. Spores are borne on the Spores are borne on the undersurface of the leaf. undersurface of the leaf.

They grow in damp cool shady They grow in damp cool shady places. places.

Example

ALGAEALGAE► Occur in ponds, lakes and fresh Occur in ponds, lakes and fresh

water bodies. Sea weeds are found in water bodies. Sea weeds are found in marine waters. marine waters.

► May be single celled, colonial or May be single celled, colonial or filamentous. filamentous.

► Are autotrophic i.e., they can prepare Are autotrophic i.e., they can prepare their own food with the help of the their own food with the help of the green pigment i.e., chlorophyll green pigment i.e., chlorophyll present in the plant. Sometimes red, present in the plant. Sometimes red, blue, yellow and brown pigments are blue, yellow and brown pigments are found. found.

► Blue-green bacteria (cyan bacteria) Blue-green bacteria (cyan bacteria) are included in this group of plants. are included in this group of plants.

Examples

FUNGIFUNGI These do not contain chlorophyll These do not contain chlorophyll

and hence are heterotrophic and and hence are heterotrophic and have diverse modes of nutrition. have diverse modes of nutrition. They may be saprophytic i.e., They may be saprophytic i.e., depending on dead or decaying depending on dead or decaying organic matter for their food, or organic matter for their food, or may be parasitic i.e., depending on may be parasitic i.e., depending on living organisms for their food living organisms for their food

ExampleExample

LICHENSLICHENS► This is a group which has two This is a group which has two

varieties of plants, an algae and varieties of plants, an algae and a fungus living in perfect a fungus living in perfect harmony. They co-exist for harmony. They co-exist for mutual benefit. This relationship mutual benefit. This relationship is known as symbiosis. The is known as symbiosis. The fungus absorbs water and fungus absorbs water and mineral salts and supplies it to mineral salts and supplies it to the alga. The alga prepares food the alga. The alga prepares food and supplies it to the fungus. and supplies it to the fungus.

Examples

KINGDOM KINGDOM PHANEROGAMAEPHANEROGAMAE

This division is made up of plants that bear This division is made up of plants that bear flowers and seeds and make up the majority of flowers and seeds and make up the majority of the larger plants. The body is differentiated into the larger plants. The body is differentiated into true stem, leaves and roots. Propagation of the true stem, leaves and roots. Propagation of the plant takes place with the help of seeds. Seeds plant takes place with the help of seeds. Seeds are formed as a result of sexual reproduction. are formed as a result of sexual reproduction. The male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse The male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse together inside the ovary (female part of the together inside the ovary (female part of the flower) and develop into the seed. In some plants flower) and develop into the seed. In some plants seed is not produced inside an ovary. seed is not produced inside an ovary. Phanerogamae is made into two further divisions. Phanerogamae is made into two further divisions.

Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants) Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants)

Angiosperms (Seed borne within a fruit) Angiosperms (Seed borne within a fruit)

DIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE

• Gymnosperms are intermediate between cryptogams and angiosperms. The male flower is a cone which produces pollen. The female flower is much larger and consists of a rosette of carpals which bear ovules along the two margins.

DIVISION ANGIOSPERME• This group constitutes the largest

group of plants. Seeds are produced inside an ovary which later becomes the fruit. These are highly evolved group of plants. The plant body is distinctly differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.

• Based on the number of cotyledons (seed-leaves) that form the seed this group is divided into:

• Monocotyledons (One seed leaf)

Animal Kingdom:- The following classification “telescope” clearly indicates the mechanism

behind the classification of the Animal Kingdom

The chart given below briefly outlines the

classification of the Animal Kingdom. 

ANIMALIA

PORIFERA

COELENTERATA

PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMATODA

ANNELIDA

ARTHROPODA

MOLLUSCA

PROTOCHORDATA

VERTEBRATA

PISCES AMPHIBIA REPTILA AVES MAMMALIA

PORIFEPORIFERARA

The simplest multicellular The simplest multicellular animals. The cells are animals. The cells are loosely held together and loosely held together and do not form tissues do not form tissues Aquatic in habitat (mostly Aquatic in habitat (mostly marine) marine) Ostia (pores) are present all Ostia (pores) are present all over the body, with a single over the body, with a single large opening on top called large opening on top called osculum osculum Food and oxygen enter the Food and oxygen enter the organism along with water organism along with water into a canal system into a canal system Support system made up of Support system made up of tiny needle-like formations. tiny needle-like formations. They may be made of silica, They may be made of silica, calcium or sponging fibers calcium or sponging fibers Reproduction may be Reproduction may be sexual, asexual or budding sexual, asexual or budding Example: Sycon, Spongilla, Example: Sycon, Spongilla, Euptectella Euptectella 

COLLENTCOLLENTERATAERATA

Two layered body which is radically Two layered body which is radically symmetrical symmetrical Aquatic in habitat which includes both Aquatic in habitat which includes both fresh water and marine fresh water and marine The outer layer has tentacles armed with The outer layer has tentacles armed with stinging cells cnidoblasts which can stinging cells cnidoblasts which can release venom into the victim. The inner release venom into the victim. The inner layer encloses a body cavity called layer encloses a body cavity called gastro vascular cavity gastro vascular cavity Animals in this group exist in two types Animals in this group exist in two types of individuals called zooids - polyps and of individuals called zooids - polyps and medusae. Polyps are fixed and lead medusae. Polyps are fixed and lead solitary or colonial life, while medusae solitary or colonial life, while medusae are free swimming are free swimming Alternation of generation takes place in Alternation of generation takes place in colonial forms. Polyps and medusae colonial forms. Polyps and medusae alternate with each other during the life alternate with each other during the life cycle cycle Reproduction is usually asexual i.e., by Reproduction is usually asexual i.e., by budding in the polyp form and sexual in budding in the polyp form and sexual in medusa form medusa form Exoskeleton made of lime is found in Exoskeleton made of lime is found in corals corals Example: Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia, Example: Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia, Meridian Meridian 

PLATYHELMIPLATYHELMINTHESNTHES

Simplest triploblastic Simplest triploblastic organisms showing organisms showing bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry Mostly parasites in other Mostly parasites in other animals animals Body in dorsoventrally flat Body in dorsoventrally flat and leaf-like or ribbon-like and leaf-like or ribbon-like with bilateral symmetry with bilateral symmetry The body cavity has only The body cavity has only one opening which serves one opening which serves as both the mouth and the as both the mouth and the anus anus Hermaphrodites i.e, male Hermaphrodites i.e, male and female sex organs and female sex organs present in one individual present in one individual Example: Planaria, Liver Example: Planaria, Liver Fluke, Tape Worm Fluke, Tape Worm

ANNELIDANNELIDAA

Occur in moist soil, fresh Occur in moist soil, fresh water and sea water and sea Body is soft and Body is soft and segmented, triploblastic segmented, triploblastic with bilateral symmetry with bilateral symmetry First animal with the First animal with the coelom (body cavity) coelom (body cavity) Body is covered by a non-Body is covered by a non-chintinous cuticle which chintinous cuticle which may have chitinous setae, may have chitinous setae, or parapodia or parapodia Reproduction is generally Reproduction is generally sexual, but some may sexual, but some may reproduce asexually by reproduce asexually by rejuvination i.e, by rejuvination i.e, by regrowing broken regrowing broken segments segments Example: Nereis (sand Example: Nereis (sand worm), Aphrodite (sea worm), Aphrodite (sea mouse), Pheretima mouse), Pheretima (earthworm), Hirudinaria (earthworm), Hirudinaria (leech) (leech)

ARTHROPARTHROPODAODA

► This is the largest phylum This is the largest phylum with almost 80% of the with almost 80% of the animal kingdom animal kingdom 

► Body is bilaterally Body is bilaterally symmetrical and symmetrical and segmented. It is divided into segmented. It is divided into head, thorax and abdomen head, thorax and abdomen 

► Possess jointed legs which Possess jointed legs which may be modified for may be modified for walking, swimming feeding walking, swimming feeding and feeling and feeling 

► Exoskeleton is chitinous Exoskeleton is chitinous which is shed periodically by which is shed periodically by moulting moulting

► Body cavity is reduced and Body cavity is reduced and filled with blood filled with blood (haemocoel) (haemocoel) 

► Respiration is by lungs, book Respiration is by lungs, book lung and trachea lung and trachea

► Example: Apis (honey bee), Example: Apis (honey bee), Araneae (Spider), Palaemon Araneae (Spider), Palaemon (prawn), Scolopendra (prawn), Scolopendra (Centipede) (Centipede) 

MOLLUSCA

Aquatic in habitat but some land forms are also seen

Body is soft and divided into three regions (head, dorsal visceral mass and ventral foot)

Body enclosed in a hard calcareous she

Breathe through gills, land molluscs have lungs

Sexes are separate Example: Chiton, Pila

(snail), unio (fresh water mussel), octopus 

ECHINODEECHINODERMATARMATA

Marine in habitat Marine in habitat Body is radially Body is radially symmetrical, star symmetrical, star shaped, spherical or shaped, spherical or elongate, Exoskeleton elongate, Exoskeleton is spiny is spiny Head is absent and Head is absent and five radially arranged five radially arranged arms present arms present Locomotion is with Locomotion is with the help of tube feet the help of tube feet Sexes are separate Sexes are separate Example: Asterias Example: Asterias (star fish), Echinus (star fish), Echinus (sea urchin), (sea urchin), Holothuria (sea Holothuria (sea cucumber), Antedon cucumber), Antedon (feather star) (feather star)

REPTILEREPTILE Mostly terrestrial Mostly terrestrial

Heart is 3 chambered, Heart is 3 chambered, is cold blooded is cold blooded

Breathe through lungs Breathe through lungs

Body covered with Body covered with scales scales 

Have two pairs of Have two pairs of pentadactyl (five pentadactyl (five digit) limbs which are digit) limbs which are absent in snakes absent in snakes 

Example: Example:  Hemidactylus (wall  Hemidactylus (wall lizard), chameleon, lizard), chameleon, Draco (flying lizard)Draco (flying lizard)

AMPHIBIAAMPHIBIALive in both water Live in both water and on land and on land

Respiration is by Respiration is by gills, lungs or skin gills, lungs or skin 

3 chambered 3 chambered heart heart

Is cold blooded Is cold blooded 

Have two pairs of Have two pairs of pentadactyl (5 pentadactyl (5 digit) limbs which digit) limbs which may be absent in may be absent in some cases some cases

AVESAVES Arboreal in habitat i.e, Arboreal in habitat i.e, they live on trees they live on trees

Warm blooded. 4 Warm blooded. 4 chambered heart chambered heart

Body covered with Body covered with feathers feathers 

Lungs have membranous Lungs have membranous extensions called air sacs extensions called air sacs to make the body light to make the body light

Mouth is surrounded by a Mouth is surrounded by a beak. Teeth are absent beak. Teeth are absent 

Fore-limbs are modified Fore-limbs are modified into wings into wings

MAMMALMAMMALIAIA

Most intelligent of all Most intelligent of all organisms organisms 

Warm blooded with 4 Warm blooded with 4 chambered heart chambered heart 

Give birth to young Give birth to young ones ones

The mother suckles her The mother suckles her young ones on milk young ones on milk secreted by special secreted by special glands called glands called mammary glands mammary glands 

Body covered with hair Body covered with hair

Have two pairs of Have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs pentadactyl limbs 

Breathe through lungs Breathe through lungs 

I AM MAMMAL!

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