Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
RENEWABLE RESOURCE CASE STUDIES:
LESSONS LEARNED AND SUCCESS STORIES
Or “What I learned on summer vacation...”
22
Presentation Summary
Drivers – EO 13423 and EO 13514
Solar Energy
Tucson ANGB Net - Zero Case Study
Buckley AFB – Solar Field Installation
Waste to Energy
Feasibility Case Study – Kadena AB, Japan
Geothermal Energy
Ground Source Heat Pump Case Study from:
– Vance AFB
– Altus AFB
– Sheppard AFB
– Cavalier AS
– Cannon AFB
– FE Warren AFB
– Minot AFB
Other Potentials for Renewable Energy
Upcoming Research Potentials
33
The Spirit of Adventure
Established guidelines and criteria
EO13423, EISA 2007, EPACT 2005, Command Memos, AF Doctrine
End Goals
30% reduction in Consumption
1.5% increase per year in renewable energy (25% by 2025)
15% increase in high performance buildings
30% reduction in water consumption
100% of new facilities to be net zero by 2030
20% reduction of petroleum use by 2015
Decisions to be made
Control of the Program
Drawing the Box around your Program
Working with others
Create a baseline
– “Wow, that’s a large undertaking.”
44
I have just met you, and I love you….
Brand New As of 4 October 2009
Executive Order 13514 – Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and
Economic Performance
Increase Energy Efficiency
Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Conserve Water
Does not Supersede 13423, but refines and adds to it
Set GHG Goals – Per Agency
– 28% for Federal Government (Scope 1 and 2) by 2020 (Based on 2008 Baseline)
– ??% for DoD (AF)
– Scope 1 – Direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned/controlled by the agency
– Scope 2 – Direct GHG emissions from the purchase of electricity, heat, or steam
– Scope 3 – GHG emissions from supply chains, employee travel, and commuting
Reduce drinking water use intensity by 26% by 2020 (based on 2007 baseline)
Reduce other water use by 20% by 2020 (2010 baseline)
Divert 50% of non-hazardous and C&D waste from landfills by 2015
Make plans, beginning 2020, all federal buildings are "net-zero" by 2030
Ensure 15% of existing buildings are LEED by 2015 (New and Existing)
55
Mayhaps you desire - Squirrel!
Definitions in the EO13514
Absolute greenhouse gas emissions - total greenhouse gas emissions without normalization for activity levels and includes any allowable consideration of sequestration
Greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride
Renewable energy - energy produced by solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, ocean (including tidal, wave, current, and thermal), geothermal, municipal solid waste, or new hydroelectric generation capacity achieved from increased efficiency or additions of new capacity at an existing hydroelectric project
Excluded vehicles and equipment - any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or non-road equipment owned or operated by an agency of the Federal Government that is used in: Combat support, combat service support, tactical or relief operations, or training for such operations;
Federal law enforcement (including protective service and investigation)
Emergency response (including fire and rescue)
spaceflight vehicles (including associated ground-support equipment)
United States - the fifty States, and associated territorial waters and airspace
Zero-net-energy building - a building that is designed, constructed, and operated to require a greatly reduced quantity of energy to operate, meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not produce greenhouse gases, and therefore result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases and be economically viable
66
Adventure is Out There
How GHG Emissions impact Renewable Energy
Solar – Supply Chain –
Disposal
Wind - Manufacture
Biomass – Release of GHG
Biogas – Release of GHG
Ocean – Water Vapor – Ocean
Gases
Geothermal – Underground gases
Waste to Energy – Release of GHG
Hydrokinetic – Water vapor – River gases
Proven Technologies vs Return on Source
77
I’ve altered him…He can protect you now
Solar Energy – Net-Zero Case Study
Tucson Air Nation Guard Base (ANGB) – Tucson, AZ – Home of
162nd Fighter Wing – Adjacent to Tucson International Airport
Scope of Work
Determine existing renewable energy resource capacity
Determine potential for non-renewable energy reduction
Determine potential for net-zero application
Determine On-base and Off-base options for renewable energy
Determine operational impacts (if any)
Determine Funding Opportunities/Sources
Determine if current infrastructure could support net-zero
Determine if base could go “carbon neutral”
Conducted Energy Audit – Determined potential for non-renewable
energy reduction to be 39%.
88
Let’s do this…Let’s Put a Pin in It
Kinds of “Net-Zero”
As defined by EO 13514 (Carbon Neutral) Designed, constructed, and operated to require a greatly reduced quantity of energy
to operate, meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not produce greenhouse gases, and therefore result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases and be economically viable
Based on Usage
Mass Balance Equation – Energy in = Energy Out
Based on Demand
“Energy Island”
Example – Base needs approximately (on average) of 4MW of continuous load
- Equivalent to 35,000,000kWh of energy in a year (let’s say it includes heating BTUs)
– Generate 35,000,000 kWh of energy anytime during the year (Usage)
– Generate more to offset commuters, flight operations, etc, etc… (C-N)
– Generate 8MW of energy (70bWh), to handle peak demand loads (summers in AZ, must have AC), sell excess to grid, store, or waste… (Demand)
99
This is absolutely Ridonkulous
Different Types of Photovoltaic Systems
Surprise: Arizona has a lot of Sun!
Photovoltaic Potential for Energy Generation
Thin-Film PV - 15%
Building-Integrated Roofing PV – 10-15%
Crystalline Panels
Monocrystalline silicon – 25%
Multi-crystalline silicon – 20%
Advanced Technologies (Robins AFB – New technology – 38%)
Thermal Wall and Thin-Film PV
Water/Glycol/Evacuated Air
Thermal Water Heating
Day Lighting (Passive and Active)
Other Solar – Concentrating
1010
Where is the Green-Eyed Man?
Under-Utilized Areas
If it isn’t being used and it has sun on it – Let’s cover it with PV!
Storm water Retention Canals
Air Field space
Erosion Control Method for Ammunition Bunkers
Hangar Space and Air Craft Sunshade – Potential for Danger…
Parking Lots
Rooftops
1111
He is fully awesome!
Solar Partnering and Results
Team up with Tucson Airport Authority and Tucson Electric Company
Potential to produce over 124% of bases current needs with only land
use on base.
1212
Whole wheat is not the same thing as whole grain
Solar Energy at Buckley AFB, CO
Economies of Scale – Design and Build 1.2MW solar field
230 Separate panels – Single axis tilt
5% of total energy needs
6 Acres
Not plug and play – Design needed
Footings
Maintenance Accessibility
Grid Interconnection
Loading controls
1313
SuperBark!
Solar Challenges and Caveats
Expense - $4 – 8/watt
Variability of load
Efficiency vs Cost
Design
Historical Consideration
The REC question
Qualified Installer
Safety
Disposal
1414
I wanted to give them a little sizzle….
Waste to Energy – Kadena AB, Japan
Kadena Air Base, Okinawa Island, Japan
Scope of Work
Determine viability of Waste to Energy generation on or near Kadena
–Wet process
–Dry process
–Energetic process
Determine environmental impacts of such processes
Additional uses of byproducts
Cost Estimates
Life Cycle analysis
1515
You got more talent in one lug nut than most cars
have in their whole body…
Driving Factors
Island of Okinawa has no place to put their trash
Political reasons
Reducing American Impact
Old Battlefields to be reclaimed
15,000 tons of Municiple Solid Waste per year (pop. ~ 55,000)
Energy generation, reduction goals
Similar technology employed by the Japanese
Cost considerations
$150/ton for disposal
May increase to $425/ton
Waste heat to create steam for:
Desalination
Chilled Water for base consolidation
Heating base facilities
1616
Turn Left to Go Right
Differing Processes
Bio-Digestion
Limited Fuel availability – Chow Hall
Municipal Wastewater system
Incineration
Reduced Fuel availability
Stack requirements
Can desalinate sea water
Plasma Gasification
Full waste reduction Potential
Untried Technology
Energy Intensive Start-up
Pyrolysis
Fuel Production
1717
If anyone asks, we were out smashing
mailboxes all night
Environmental Impacts
New Municipal Waste Combustion systems (including plasma) are
required to comply with Japanese Environmental Governing Standards
(JEGS) which are very similar to the New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) from the USEPA
Drinking water could be generated on base
Potential to destroy HAZWASTE on site
Potential to destroy Lead Based Paint on site
Potential to destroy asbestos, PCBs, and other
1818
I’m happier than a tornado in a trailer park…
Kadena AB Feasibility Results (Draft)
300 square foot footprint
Potential to eliminate waste (10-100%)
Potential to create energy (up to 1.6MW)
Potential to create fresh water (350gpm)
Potential to create steam for heat or adsorption chiller
Potential to break even if costs for waste disposal increase
1919
What are you going to do, he’s my best friend…
Kadena WTE Challenges and Caveats
Unproven Technology – Plasma
Japanese Mainland
Canada
52 sites worldwide
Hurlburt Field, FL
Political Issues
Local Incineration plant
Increased Infrastructure
Self-sufficiency of military base
Costs
Research costs driving initial costs
High Maintenance costs
Limited expertise
Cheap energy/waste disposal costs will highly impact
2020
We dig, dig, dig, dig the whole day through
Geothermal Energy vs Ground Source Heat Pumps
Geothermal Energy Generation
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Additional Presentation
2121
Whistle while you work…
Case Studies
Minot AFB Installation – Two facilities with more planned
Cavalier Air Station – Design underway to augment or replace chiller
towers
Cannon AFB – Design underway to determine feasibility
Vance AFB – Design finishing to determine feasibility
Altus AFB – Design finishing to determine feasibility
Sheppard AFB – Design finishing to determine feasibility
FE Warren AFB – Design underway to determine feasibility and
impact to historical sites
2222
Have an apple, my dear….
Challenges and Caveats
Energy Prices drive cost analysis
Demand costs
Electrical Costs
Gas/Heating Costs
Mild temperatures
Process load impacts
GSHP not a generation technology
Drilling costs wildly vary
Space intensive
Best for new construction
Geothermal generation only limited to a few places in the US
Geothermal generation often hard to access
2323
But you see, I have the other slipper…
Other RE resources investigated
Small scale Wind
FE Warren
Hydrokinetic
River
Ocean
Biomass
Eglin
Human Potential
2424
Did you ever see an elephant fly?
Upcoming Research Potentials
Air Force Funded
ESTCP Funded
International Technology Exchange
Hush House Energy Recovery
Ultra-Capacitor Grid Power
Electric Transportation Renewable Energy Storage
Hydrogen Creation Renewable Energy Storage
Plastic Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis)
Missile Silo Conversion
Sun Shade Safety
Joint Base/Mega Base Mass Transit
Geothermal Mine Shafts
2525
You look more like a Cornelius… I get that alot
Conclusion
Understanding the drivers
Solar Energy
Tucson ANGB Net - Zero Case Study
Buckley AFB – Solar Field Installation
Waste to Energy
Feasibility Case Study – Kadena AB
Geothermal Energy
GSHP Case Studies
Other Potentials for Renewable Energy
Upcoming Research Potentials
Shaping the Future
Any More
Questions?
See me after.
Or Stop by
Booth #403.
612-252-3667
Those good old bear
necessities….
