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Embedded system basics
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Embedded Systems
Introduction to Embedded Systems
A combination of hardware and software which together form
a component of a larger machine.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without
human intervention, and may be required to respond to
events in real time.
An embedded system is designed to perform a dedicated
function.
Real-Time Operation• Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events• Correctness is partially a function of time
Small Size, Low Weight• Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs money
Low Power• Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)
Harsh environment• Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosion
Safety- critical operation• Must function correctly and Must not function in correctly
Extreme cost sensitivity• $. 05 adds up over 1,000, 000 units
Characteristics of an Embedded Systems
Microcontroller
555 Timer
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
The wide spectrum of embedded system devices is that there is no single definition reflecting them all. Automotive: Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System
Industrial Control: Robotics and Control Systems
Networking: Routers, Hubs
Office Automation: Fax Machine, Printers, Scanners
When approaching embedded systems architecture design, several models
can be applied to describe the cycle of embedded system design.
The big-bang model: there is essentially no planning or processes in place
before and during the development of a system.
The code-and-fix model: product requirements are defined but no formal
processes are in place before the start of development.
The waterfall model: there is a process for developing a system in steps,
where results of one step flow into the next step.
The spiral model: there is a process for developing a system in steps, and
throughout the various steps, feedback is obtained and incorporated back
into the process.
Embedded Systems Design
The embedded system design and development process is
divided into four phases: creating the architecture,
implementing the architecture, testing the system, and
maintaining the system.
Creating Architecture is defined as being made up of six
stages:
◦ having a strong technical foundation (stage 1),
◦ understanding the Architectural Business Cycle (stage 2),
◦ defining the architectural patterns and models (stage 3),
◦ defining the architectural structures (stage 4),
◦ documenting the architecture (stage 5), and
◦ analyzing and reviewing the architecture (stage 6).
What the Embedded Systems Model indicates is that all
embedded systems share one simi larity at the highest level; that
is, they all have at least one layer (hardware) or all layers
(hardware, system software and application software) into which
all components fall.
The hardware layer contains all the major physical components
located on an embedded board, whereas the system and
application software layers contain all of the software located on
and being processed by the embedded system.
The Embedded Systems Model
Applications Areas
Application Areas
Medical Systems◦ Pace maker, Patient Monitoring Systems, Injection
Systems, Intensive Care Units(ICU), … Office Equipment
◦ Printer, Copier, Fax, … Tools
◦ Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Line Tester, GPS, … Banking
◦ ATMs, Statement Printers, … Transportation
◦ (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats) RADAR, Traffic Lights, Signalling Systems, …
Application Areas• TV• Stereo• Remote Control• Phone / Mobile Phone• Refrigerator• Microwave• Washing Machine• Electric Tooth Brush• Oven / Rice or Bread Cooker• Watch• Alarm Clock• Electronic Musical Instruments• Electronic Toys(Stuffed Animals, Handheld Toys, Pinballs,
etc.)• Medical Home Equipment (e.g. Blood Pressure,
Thermometer)
Conclusion
An embedded system is an applied computer system.
“Embedded System", it constantly evolves with advances
in technology and dramatic decreases in the cost of
implementing various hardware and software
components.
Widely used in industries.