EMF Radiation From Cell Tower

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EMF OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEING

RADIATION MEAUSREMENT

CALCULATION PROCEEDURE

INTRODUCTION

EMFs are invisible lines of force created whenever electricity is generated or used. EMFs are produced by power lines, electric wiring, and electric equipment and appliances. The frequency of EMFs is measured in hertz (Hz, or cycles per second). People are exposed to both electric and magnetic fields, but scientists are most concerned about magnetic fields.In all examples of EMF, the energy field causes a change in everything it encounters.

EMF (or Electro Magnetic Field) is a broad term which includes electric fields generated by charged particles, magnetic fields generated by charged particles in motion, and radiated fields such as RF antenna and microwaves. Electric fields are measured in units of volts per meter or V/m.

EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGcommon complaintsConcentration, memory, behavior, etcEpidemiological studies - Sleep disruption, Headache ,Depression, discomfort, irritability, nausea, dizziness, appetite loss, muscle spasms, numbness, tingling, altered reflexes.Measure EffectsBlood Brain barrierDNA DamageHigh Risk to ChildrenFetus and MotherEffect on SkinTinnitus and Ear DamageIncrease in Cancer riskEffect on EnvironmentSheep, dogs, cats, rabbits living near base stations affected

RADIATION MEAUSREMENT

RADIATION MEAUSREMENT IN INDIA

SAR VALUE

Cell Phones and SAR values

Steps to be Safe from Cell Phone Radiation

1 .Limited use only : Listen Carefully , Call of two minute also changes the natural electrical activity of the brain. Therefore, it is better to use your mobile phone for limited calls only and for short period of time.

2 . Keep Kids Away : These radiations harm them the most, because they have developing skull. So allow them to call in case of emergency only.

3 . Use Air tube headset : The Air tube headset is more better because , the regular wired headset generates radiation with more intensity. The wired headset not only transmits the radiation but also serves as an antenna attracting electromagnetic fields from the surroundings.

4 . Keep away from your lower body area(When its ON) : The lower portion of body has good conductivity and absorption power than upper portion of body. A study showed that if a person wears cell phones near the lower body portion, it could have their sperm count dropped by as much as 30 percent.

Steps to be Safe from Cell Phone Radiation

5 . Wait till connection is made : If you are using your mobile phone with a headset, then wait for the call to connect before placing next to the ear.

6 . Don’t use in enclosed spaces (metal enclosure) : The metal enclosure also acts as a cage that traps the radiation and reflects it back onto the user.

7 . Never make calls at low signal strength : This makes your cell to work harder to establish a connection.

8 . Buy a phone with a low SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) : he SAR level is the way to measure the radio frequency of mobile phone. If SAR level is low, it will generate less radiation. So, whenever you purchase your mobile phone see the SAR level.

9 . Use validated EMF protection device : Do not use second hand mobile phones; because when you are not using your mobile phone, still they generate second EMF radiation.

Revised Test procedures for EMF measurement

Scope

The main aim of the measurement is to confirm the compliance of base station installation as per the limits prescribed by the Department of Telecommunications.

The latest current limits/reference level are reproduced below

Types of Exposure

Frequencyrange

Electric fieldStrength(v/m)

Magnetic fieldStrength(a/m)

EquivalentPlane WavePower DensityS eq ( w/m2)

General Public

400-2000MHz 0.434f1/2 0.0011f1/2 f/2000

2-300GHz 19.29 0.05 1

Notes: 1 GHz = 1000 MHz

NOTE: ICNIRP stand for International Commission for Non- ionizing Radiation ProtectionAn inherently compliant source for International Commission on Non –ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits has EIRP less than 2 W.

For each site, an installation belongs to the normally compliant class, if the following criterion is fulfilled:

where EIRPi is the temporal averaged radiated power of the antenna at a particular frequency i, and EIRPth,i is the EIRP threshold relevant to the particular antenna parameters and accessibility conditions.

Revised Test procedures for EMF measurement

Difference Between old guideline and new guideline

Old Guideline New Guideline

Building with in 20 m from middle of cell tower

Building with in 60 m from middle of cell tower

ICNIRP limit is less than 0.5but TEC allows (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio to be less than 0.5

ICNIRP limit is less than 1 but TEC allows (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio to be less than 0.5

Difference Between old guideline and new guideline

Frequencyrange

Old GuidelineFormula Power Density ( w/m2)

New Guideline Formula Power Density ( w/m2)

1. f/200 f/2000 MHz

2. 900 900/200=4.5( w/m2) 900/2000=0.45 ( w/m2)

3. 1800 1800/200=9( w/m2) 1800/2000=0.9 ( w/m2)

4. 2100 10( w/m2) 1 ( w/m2)

Difference Between old guideline and new guideline

Old Guideline

Difference Between old guideline and new guideline

New Guideline

Difference Between old guideline and new guideline

Old Guideline

New Guideline

Guideline to ascertain the height of the antenna for calculation method

Case 1: GBT (Antenna installed on top of the tower)

(If tower ht is 30m) h= 30m

Case 2: RTT (Antenna installed on a roof top tower On the terrace of a building)

(If building ht b is 10m) Mast/tower ht is 12mh= 12m

b

h

Guideline to ascertain the height of the antenna for calculation method

Case 3: RTP(Antenna installed on a pole on the terrace of a building, Serving outside the building)

(If building ht b is 10m) Pole ht is 6m, h= (b+h) = 16m

Case 4: RTP Antenna installed on an inaccessible buildingHeight Water tank, LMR etc.

(If building ht b is 10m) Pole ht p is 6 mWater tank/LMR ht is 3 mh= (p + t) = 9m

h

b

h

b

p

t

RESPONSIBILITY OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AT SHARED SITES

(1) A shared site may be defined as having:(a) Multiple towers on the same or different plots within 60 m radius.(b) Multiple Roof Top Poles on a BTS Site/ Adjacent Building within 60 m radius.(2) Responsibility for EMF compliance of shared site shall lie with all the participating operators.(3) Placement of signage at shared site will also be joint responsibility of all the participating operators.(4) For self certification of shared sites, participating operators will also separately issue self certification of their individual BTS.(5) In case of overall non-compliance of shared site, penalty shall be imposed on all participating operators.

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

Evaluation of EMF for telecommunication installations can be done by followingtechniques:(i) Calculation MethodFollowing two methods are being prescribed. Either of which could be usedfor predicting compliance to the radiation limits.(a) Prediction of RF Fields.(b) Calculation Method for determination of EIRPth(ii) Field Measurement Approach.(iii) Electromagnetic mapping by software simulation method.

An assessment of the value of (EIRP / EIRPth), is made at various publicly accessible points in the environment surrounding the BTS Site under study (On rooftop, On Ground, and at adjacent buildings). The assessment is based on the formulae given in the Appendix-A of this document for measurement of EMF from BTS.

Formula & Calculation Procedure

As Per ICNIRP LIMIT: 1.Calculation of maximum power density exposure S limit=1800/2000=0.9w2.Calculation the maximum safe distance by rearranging the equation S=EIRP/(3.14R2) where EIRP is stand for Equivalent Isotropic Radiated power

Exclusion Zone Length a(m) Calculation

From the distance from the Antenna

R min=(EIRP/3.14*9)1/2

So a(m)=Exclusion zone Length=R min

Calculation of ASL

Asl is the Attenuation of the largest side lobe of the antenna in VerticalPattern w.r.t. main lobe, converted to decimal.

Suppose Side Lobe Attenuation 17 (dB)

So that ASL=power(10(-17/10))= 0.0199526 =0.02

Calculation of EIRP(BCCH)

EIRP(BCCH)=Tx power-Combiner loss-(Cable length*Unit loss) +Antenna Gain in dbm

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

Change EIRP value dbm to watt

EIRP (w)=Power (10,(EIRP (BCCH)-30)/10) 30 dbm=1 watt

P(W)=10 ( (P (dbm)-30)/10)

Calculation of EIRP threshold =EIRP (T)

EIRP(T)=EIRP(BCCH)in watt+ EIRP(BCCH)in watt*0.9*0.9 *(Carrier/sector-1)

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CATEGORY 1

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CATEGORY 2

Antenna is installed at ground level-the Center of radiation is at a height h above level.There is an adjacent building or structure accessibleTo the general public and of approximatelyHeight h located a distance d from the antennaAlong the direction of propagation.There is a constraint h>3m

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CATEGORY 3

Antenna is installed at ground level-the Center of radiation is at a height h above level.There is an adjacent building or structure accessibleTo the general public and of approximatelyHeight h’ located a distance d from the antennaAlong the direction of propagation.There is a constraint h>3m.

CATEGORY 4

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

Similar calculations are made for the other operators and total ratio calculated as under:Σ(EIRP/EIRPth) = (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op1 + (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op2 + (EIRP[T]/EIRPth)Op3

Safety Signage

The mobile service operator will ensure provision of proper signage warning entry ofgeneral public of the exclusion zones. The sign board should be clearly visible andidentifiable and may contain the following text in black over white background:

Conclusion between Old Guide line and New Guideline

•f/200 has been changed to f/2000 in the formula used for calculating EIRP/EIRPth.•With the change in formula, the new EIRP/EIRPth of the BTS site will be 10 times of the pre value calculated with f/200.•For the purpose of self certification the new (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio should be less than 0.5 i.e. to the extent of 50% of revised DoT limits (< 1).•The sites having previous (EIRP/EIRPth) ratio less than 0.05 calculated with f/200 are self complied. •Broadband measurements will be done for first stage audit verification by TERM Cell certify EMF compliance of BTS subject to the condition that measured values do not exceed 50% of levels/ limits prescribed by DOT for general public.•Frequency selective measurements with extrapolation for maximum traffic must be performed if the broadband measurement exceeds 50 % of limits prescribed by DOT.•Mobile Service operator may self certify their BTS for compliance of limits after assessment estimated levels of EMR up to 60 meters (Previous 20 meters) radius of the BTS.•A Google picture (sketch up) of 60 m radius area around the site with high buildings (comparable to the lowest antenna AGL on site) marked on the picture to be attached in the Site Lay out. This should be verifiable on Google.

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