K.Sudhakar,K.Sudhakar,

Senior Research Fellow,Senior Research Fellow,Centre for Energy & Environment Science And Technology,Centre for Energy & Environment Science And Technology,

National Instituted of Technology-620015National Instituted of Technology-620015www.nitt.edu

E-Mail:sudhakar@nitt.eduE-Mail:sudhakar@nitt.eduMobile:9786299534 Mobile:9786299534

Energy & Environmental Issues in India: Possible Solutions

Sustainable Development : Energy and Environment convergence

– Energy• World is running out of fossil fuel• The last two years has seen highest • Demand for energy is outstripping the growth in generation capacity

– Environmental problems• Air – Emissions (SOx, NOx, CO, SPM), ozone depletion, global

warming• Water-Acid precipitation, degradation, loss of bio-diversity

– Sustainable development of “Energy + Ecology + Economy”

– Harnessing renewable energy holds the key

Global Warming

• Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation.

• The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005.

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Greenhouse gases

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Methane (CH4)

• Nitrous oxide (N2O)

• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A

Natural

Manmade

Greenhouse effect

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

240 Watt per m3

343 Watt per m3

103 Watt per m3

Co2 Concentration in 2007

The 2007 rise in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is tied with 2005 as the third highest since atmospheric measurements began in 1958. The red line shows the trend together with seasonal variations. The black line indicates the trend that emerges when the seasonal cycle has been removed. (Credit: NOAA)

Source: Dr L Gohar and Prof K Shine, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading

Rising levels of greenhouse gases

Source: Stern Review

Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)

Country in metric tons

USA 20.01

Europe 9.40

Japan 9.87

China 3.60

Russia 11.71

India 1.02

World average 4.25

India

TN

Energy

Production

COAL

RE

TN vs India

Impacts of Climate Change

Forests

Biodiversity

Agriculture

Coastlines

Impact of rise in temperature of 1.8oC to 4oC

Likely Impacts of Climate Change

Climate Change Impact in India

• Rajasthan- Drought• Rann of Kutch – sea level rise• Mumbai-Salt water intrusion• Kerala –Productivity of Forest• Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching• Ganges – Sedimentation problem• Sunderbans-Sea level raise• Northwest India-reduction In rice yield

Effect on apple cultivation• Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Experienced a number of crop failures in the last 15 years

• Apple belt has moved 30 kilometers [northwards] over the last 50 years

• Apple growers, says attributed poor production to reduced snowfall and its changed timing.

Case study:1 Impact on Agriculture

• Shift in Agriculture

• Apple cultivation is affected in Kullu Valley

• Apple belt has moved 30 KM nothwards

• Forest resources were removed

2. Ganga under threat from warming

• Himalayan source of the Ganga is drying up at a rate of 40 yards a year, nearly twice as fast as two decades ago, and that some of these glaciers might disappear by 2030.

• In the dry summer months, the Gangotri glacier provides up to 70 percent of the water of the Ganga.

• According to a UN climate report, the shrinking glaciers also threaten Asia’s supply of fresh water.

Source: New Indian Express

Source: New Indian Express

3. Impact on Coastal Orissa • The Satavaya region, once a cluster of seven

villages.

• Only two out of the seven villages exists the other five villages have been submerged.

• The Coastal villages have been affected by cyclone and floods killing more than 30,000 people.

• The sea has ingressed to about 1.5 km into Satavaya and 2.5 km into Kanakpur. Satavaya has also lost 56% of its mangrove vegetation.

Global Impacts

• The largest glacier on Mount Kenya has lost 92% of its mass

• Sea levels have risen by 10 - 25 cm

• The thickness of sea ice in the arctic has decreased by 40%.

• The Common Murre has advanced breeding by 24 days per decade over the past 50 years in response to higher temperatures.

• The Baltimore oriole is shifting northward and may soon disappear entirely from the Baltimore area.

• Polar bear populations are coming under threat as food becomes harder to hunt.

The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if and when

the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to

look a long way ahead.

Global Warming Solutions• Limiting use of Traditional fossil fuels( Coal,Natural

Gas,petrol,diesel etc.

• Switching over to clean fuels – Renewable energy (Solar,Wind,Biomass,Biodiesel etc.

• Energy efficiency & Energy Conservation

• CO2 Sequestration.

Injecting liquefied CO2 into the deep sea or burying CO2 underground

Biofixation of CO2 by photosynthetic organisms

Bio Fuels: Energy Trees of IndiaDue to it’s climate, India has been naturally blessed with many

varieties of Oil seeds bearing Trees like :Trees:• Pongamia (Honge)• Simaruoba• Mahua• Sal• Niger, Jatropha, and dozens of such species identified as ideal

feedstock for BioDiesel.Plants• Micro-algae

Power Plant / Energy Source

Flue Gases

NOx + CO2 from combustion flue gas

emissions Algal

Biotechnology

Cleaned

Gases

Photo bioreactor

Algal Photo Bioreactors Converts Flue Gases & Sunlight into Biofuels through Photosynthesis

“Used” Algae have Multiple Potential Uses

Sunlight Co-Firing

Fermentation

Esterification

Drying

Green Power

Biodiesel

Ethanol

Protein Meal

National workshop on Emerging horizons in Bio fuel Research and Application , Agra ;July 24-27, 2009

India’s Initiatives• India has a well developed policy, legislative regulatory &

programmatic regime • For promotion of Energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear

power, fuel switching, energy pricing reform addressing GHG emission

• Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992

• India ratified the Kyoto protocol

• India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change– National Solar Mission– National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency – National Mission on Sustainable Habitat– National Water Mission– National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem– National Mission for a “ Green India”– National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

– National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change

BioDiesel - Energy Trees -

Answer to India’s social, environmental and

economic woes

Merits of BioDiesel• Reduces pollution• Generates rural employment• Saves foreign exchange• Prevents global warming• Increases forest cover• Increases ground water table• Prevents soil erosion• Provides Energy Security• Sustainable & Renewable Energy

‘ Can technological developments and the transition to a culture that is

more aware of the need to safeguard the environment help create a world

powered by the Sun’s Energy ? ‘

Power Plant / Energy Source

Flue Gases

NOx + CO2 from combustion flue gas

emissions Algal

Biotechnology

Cleaned

Gases

Photo bioreactor

Algae Photo Bioreactors Converts Flue Gases & Sunlight into Biofuels through Photosynthesis

“Used” Algae have Multiple Potential Uses

Sunlight Co-Firing

Fermentation

Esterification

Drying

Green Power

Biodiesel

Ethanol

Protein Meal

Ongoing Research at CEESAT

Project Title :

“Experimental and Simulation Studies on CO2 Sequestration using algae”

Funded By :

Department of Science and Technology ; reference – DST/IS-STAC/CO2-SR12/07 - 55 lakhs

Start Date : May 2008

CO2 Sequestration Research Group –

Dr.(Mrs).M.Premalatha, Asst. Professor, CEESAT , NIT K.Sudhakar, Senior research fellow K.K.Vasumathi, Junior Research fellow Nikhil.P.G, M.Tech Student (Energy Engineering)

MILESTONES OF CEESAT

• Established in 1997 under UK India RECs Project “Energy Theme” – 12 Crores• Faculty of Architecture, Chemical, Electrical and Mechanical

Engineering were trained in UK Universities • Inter-disciplinary course – M.Tech (Full time) and Ph.D.Energy

Engineering being offered from 1996 • Conducted 2 National Conferences, 15 National workshops, 1 International Workshop and 1 Short term training programme• Sophisticated Instruments – TGA,DSC,CHN,GC• Completed 7 Ph.D. on Energy• Completed 2 MHRD R & D and 2 Thrust Area Projects• DST project - Rs 54.72 lakhs in Upcoming technology CO2 Sequestration • NITT,India – Auburn University, USA Collaborative case study

project for National Science Foundation,USA

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our

Energy Future

Centre for Energy and Environmental Science And Technology,National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

Thank You

THANK YOU