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ENERGY HARVESTING FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF STRUCTURES AND INFRASTRUCTURES_Gkoumas, Petrini, Arangio, Crosti_SEMC2013
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ENERGY HARVESTING FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF STRUCTURES AND
INFRASTRUCTURES
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
Chiara Crosti
Konstantinos Gkoumas, Francesco Petrini,
Stefania Arangio, Chiara Crosti
Sapienza University of Romekonstantinos.gkoumas; francesco.petrini; stefania.arangio; chiara.crosti
{@uniroma1.it}
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Research motivation
• Sustainability nowadays is a key issue for structures and infrastructures
• Over the last few years, many promising applications of Energy Harvesting (EH) have appeared, not only in academy but also in the design practice
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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design practice
• In the civil engineering field, the energy obtained by EH devices can be used in different applications (e.g. alimentation of monitoring sensors) focusing at the energy sustainability
• Vibration energy harvesting from wind flow usingpiezoelectric materials is very promising
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Presentation outline
• Energy Harvesting (EH) context in the civil engineering field– Sustainability issues for buildings– EH overview– Framework for the optimal coupling of EH devices
with the structure
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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with the structure – Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
• Preliminary conceptual and numerical applications on buildings, focusing on the modelling of piezoelectric devices
• Considerations and indications for further research
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Sustainability for buildingsPassive and active sustainability measures
• Sustainability in the urban and built environment is a key issue for the wellbeing of people and society.
• Sustainability issues are wide-ranging in the building industry but the main focus is the reduction of energy consumption in construction and use.
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Energy
sustainability
Passive systems
Active systems
Materials
Design
Energy Harvesting/
Renewables
...
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Sustainability for buildingsPassive and active sustainability measures
• Passive: focus is primarily on the use of more energy efficient materials and on the optimized design of structural and non-structural elements.
• Active: focus is on the “on-site” energy production, something that leads to a lower energy need from the grid.
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Energy
sustainability
Passive systems
Active systems
Materials
Design
Energy Harvesting/
Renewables
...
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Energy Harvesting (EH) can be defined as thesum of all those processes that allow to capturethe freely available energy in the environmentand convert it in (electric) energy that can be
Energy harvestingOverview
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
Chiara Crosti
and convert it in (electric) energy that can beused or stored.
Harvesting ConversionUse
Storage
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Energy harvestingResources and energy extraction systems
Resources
SunWaterWind
Extraction systems
Magnetic InductionElectrostaticPiezoelectric
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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WindTemperature differentialMechanical vibrations
Acoustic wavesMagnetic fieldsRadio waves
PiezoelectricPhotovoltaic
Thermal EnergyRadiofrequencyRadiant Energy
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Energy harvesting taxonomyEH applications in structures and infrastructures can be divided in three groups:
• EH on a micro-scale, the main objective is to replace batteries or eliminate cabling for electrical power (SHM sensors, etc.)
• Eh on a meso-scale, the main objective is to produce a great amount of energy otherwise
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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produce a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from the electrical grid (sustainable
structures or infrastructures)
• EH on a macro-scale, the objective is to supply energy to the electrical grid (wind turbines, photovoltaics, etc.)
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MotivationMicro-scale energy harvesting
• Ever-growing energy gap between energy source (batteries) and microelectronic systems.
• Even though a great process took place in the last decade, there are still issues to be solved and improved, such as: power storage efficiency, communication standards, integration of devices, cost of the ownership .
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Source: Smart Fibers
Elimination of power cables
Development over the past decadein the field of structural health monitoring
(SHM), mainly for long span bridges. Possibility to eliminate power cables and
transmit data wirelessly.
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The produced energy is in the range of µW/mWs
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• EH on a micro-scale, the main objective is to replace batteries or eliminate cabling for electrical power (SHM sensors, etc.)
• EH on a meso-scale, the main objective is to produce a great amount of energy otherwise
Energy harvesting taxonomyEH applications in structures and infrastructures can be divided in three groups:
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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produce a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from the electrical grid (sustainable
structures or infrastructures)
• EH on a macro-scale, the objective is to supply energy to the electrical grid (wind turbines, photovoltaics, etc.)
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Freeway wind turbines• Energy production for the sustainability of structures or infrastructures
MotivationMeso-scale energy harvesting
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Sustainable infrastructures (source: www.treehugger.com )Sustainable structures
Wind skyscraper
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The produced energy is in the range of W/mWs
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• EH on a micro-scale, the main objective is to replace batteries or eliminate cabling for electrical power (SHM sensors, etc.)
• EH on meso-scale, the main objective is to produce a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from
Energy harvesting taxonomyEH applications in structures and infrastructures can be divided in three groups:
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a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from the electrical grid (sustainable structures or
infrastructures)
• EH on a macro-scale, the objective is to supply energy to the electrical grid (wind turbines, photovoltaics, etc.)
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• Large scale energy production
• Many solutions for powering the grid (wind farms, photovoltaics etc.)
MotivationMacro-scale energy harvesting
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Offshore wind farms
Wind farms
Photovoltaic systems
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The produced energy is in the range of MW/mWs
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• EH on a micro-scale, the main objective is to replace batteries or eliminate cabling for electrical power (SHM sensors, etc.)
• EH on meso-scale, the main objective is to produce a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from
Energy harvesting taxonomyEH applications in structures and infrastructures can be divided in three groups:
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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a great amount of energy otherwise supplied from the electrical grid (sustainable structures or
infrastructures)
• EH on a macro-scale, the objective is to supply energy to the electrical grid (wind turbines, photovoltaics, etc.)
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Classification of the EH schemes
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EH = Maximum extractable energy
ECSS = Energy cost of the structural system
ECES = Energy cost of the extraction system
EC = Total energy cost of the coupled system = ECSS + EC
ES
ÊH = Effective extracted energy of the coupled system
∆E = Energy balance of the coupled system = ÊH - EC
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Classification of the EH schemes
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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SY
ST
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EF
FIC
IEN
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∆E = Energy balance of the coupled system = ÊH – EC
∆E’ = Energy balance of the extraction system = ÊH - ECES
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Presentation outline
• Energy Harvesting (EH) context in the civil engineering field– Sustainability issues for buildings– EH overview– Framework for the optimal coupling of EH devices
with the structure
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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with the structure – Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
• Preliminary conceptual and numerical applications on buildings, focusing on the modelling of piezoelectric devices
• Considerations and indications for further research
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Piezoelectric energy harvestingPiezoelectric convertorsPiezoelectricity is the charge that accumulates in certain solid materials(crystals, certain ceramics, etc.) in response to applied mechanical stress(direct effect) or the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting froman applied electrical field (inverse effect).• In the first case, the piezoelectric element is deformed when subjected to vibrations.
• Different configurations are possible.
• The most simple are based on a cantilever beam configuration.
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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The unpolarized material (a) ispolarized when subjected toexternal stress (b). As aconsequence, electricity isproduced v (t).
Source: Mitcheson 2005 Source: Huang et al. 2007
Measurement SpecialtiesTM
MiniSense 100 Piezo Sensor
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Piezoelectric energy harvestingPiezoelectric convertors (2)
Supplier: Smart Material Supplier: Face International Supplier: APC International
Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) Thunder (Thin Layer Unimorph Ferroelectric Driver and Sensor)
Bimorphs
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Supplier: Smart Material Characteristics: flexible, d33 and d13 modes, low strain high frequency, 460pC/N in d33
Supplier: Face International Characteristics: small displacements (~2mm), good for low frequency (~1 Hz)
Supplier: APC International Characteristics: frequency range 5-100 Hz, large deflections
Max. blocking Force 28N to 1kN 67 N 350N to 600N
Max. operating Voltage -500 to +1500V -240 to +480 V -150 to +150 V
Max. operating frequency <3MHz NA NA
Typical Lifetime 1010 Cycles NA NA
Typical Thickness 0.30 mm 0.43 mm 0.10 mm
Typical Capacitance 2nF to 200 nF NA NA
Source: Remick, K. UIUCD.Inman, D.J. and Priya, S. “Energy Harvesting Technologies”. Springer Science+Business Media. Chapter 1, 2009.
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Applications for the energy sustainabilityEH in buildings – a premise
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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• EH devices are used for powering remote monitoring sensors (e.g.temperature sensors, air quality sensors), also those placed insideheating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts.
• These sensors are very important for the minimization of energyconsumption in large buildings
Image courtesy of enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
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Applications for the energy sustainabilityEH in buildings – a premise
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Currently:
• Power is provided by batteries or EH devices based on thermal or RF methods
• Sensors work intermittently (to consume less power ~ 100mW)
An EH sensor based on piezoelectric material has several advantages being capable toprovide up to 10-15 times more power than currently used devices leading to additional
applications or longer operation time.
Image courtesy of enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org
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l
Applications for the energy sustainabilityDescription of the piezoelectric EH device
• A plate in piezoelectric material (piezoelectric fin) is placed perpendicularly in the wind flow direction in order to take advantage of the Vortex
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b
d
Air flow
advantage of the Vortex Shedding effect.
• For the preliminary design the entire fin is in piezoelectric material
• Parametric design is performed on the fin dimensions
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Conceptual application (1)Natural flow in vertical ducts of high-rise buildings
Stack effect due to temperature: temperature differential + external wind
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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Piezoelectric fin
Indicative values of the flow velocity: ~ 0.1-0.2 m/s
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Air flow
Conceptual application (2)Mechanical flow in HVAC
Mechanically induced flow inside the duct
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Air flow
Indicative values of the flow velocity: ~ 0.5 m/s
Image: http://www.yukoshvac.com/
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Applications for the energy sustainabilityPreliminary results
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
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b
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Air flow
Results obtained by scaling numerical results from:
L A Weinstein, M R Cacan, P M So and P K Wright, Vortex shedding induced energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials in heating, ventilation and air conditioning flows Smart Mater. Struct. 21 (2012) 045003
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Presentation outline
• Energy Harvesting (EH) context in the civil engineering field– Overview– EH taxonomy– Framework for the optimal coupling of EH devices
with the structure
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
Chiara Crosti 25
with the structure – Research fields
• Preliminary numerical applications on civil structures and infrastructures, focusing on the modelling of piezoelectric devices
• Considerations and indications for further research
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• This study focuses on an overview of the EH potential in civil engineering structures
• A framework for the energy extraction is also provided • Specific applications for EH applications for the
energy sustainability of buildings are introduced, together with preliminary results
Considerations and indications for further research
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
Chiara Crosti
together with preliminary results• Additional considerations are needed for practical
applications. • the optimum (and cost effective) use of piezoelectric
materials• the energy transform and storage options• the production feasibility at an industrial level
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“ENERGY HARVESTING FOR THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF STRUCTURES AND
INFRASTRUCTURES”
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SEMC 2013: The fifth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and ComputationCape Town, South Africa, 2-4 September 2013
Chiara Crosti
Thank you for your attention
INFRASTRUCTURES”
Konstantinos Gkoumas, Francesco Petrini, Stefania Arangio, Chiara CrostiSapienza University of Rome, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
e-mail: chiara.crosti@{uniroma1.it; stronger2012.com}
