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REVIEW

1 2 3 4 5 A 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 1 Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

OBICO JJA, Instructor Department of Biology

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Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)

cell wall

chloroplasts

thylakoids

stroma

granum

chloroplast: chlorophyll a & b grana starch

amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside

HAPLOID (n)Multicelled Stage

(Adu lt)

Egg (n )

Sperm (n)

Zygote

(2n )

Spores(n)

mitosis

fertilization

HAPLONTICOogamy

meiosis

HAPLOID (n)Multicelled Stage

(Adu lt)

Gamete(n)

Zygote

(2n )

Spores(n)

mitosis

fertilization

HAPLONTICIsogamy

meiosis

Gamete(n)

A B

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Charales - oogamy

Nitella Chara

oogonium

Coleochaete

cell wall: cellulosic plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)

cellulosic cell wall

plasmodesmatamiddle lamella

CELL #1 CELL #2

plasmamembrane

The Land Plants =Embryophyta (embryophytes)

}  The first colonization of plants on land during the Silurian period, ca. 400 million years ago.

}  Land Plants now dominate the earth.

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Two possible hypotheses:

GAMETOPHYTE(n)

Egg (n)

Sperm (n)

Zygote

(2n)

HAPLODIPLONTIC("Alternation ofGenerations")

SPOROPHYTE(2n)

Embryo(2n)

Spores(n)

lost by reduction and modificationin the Angiospermsand some Gnetales

Sporangium(2n)

Archegonium(n)

Antheridium(n)

fertilization

mitosismitosis

meiosis

mitosis

}(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms)

Sporocyte(2n)

produce

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Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)

antheridium antheridiu

m

sperm cells

Marchantia (liverwort)

archegonium

egg cell

neck

“Bryophytes” paraphyletic

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“Bryophytes”

Liverworts Hornworts

Mosses

Liverworts - Hepaticae

Two basic forms: -thalloid -leafy

Asterella sp. 1

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Asterella sp. 2

Bazannia a leafy liverwort

Conocephalum sp. Fossombronia sp.

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Marchantia

pore

gemma cup

pore

gemmae

Marchantia

sporophyte spores

elaters

stomate

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Hornworts (Anthocerotae)

Hornworts

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Mosses (Musci)

calyptraoperculum

peristometooth

mature capsule(sporangium)

spores

gametophyte(n)

sporophyte(2n)

antheridia

archegonia

costa

germinatingspore

protonema

embryo(2n)

operculum

peristome teeth

archegonialneck

GAMETOPHYTE(n)

Egg (n)

Sperm (n)

Zygote

(2n)

HAPLODIPLONTIC("Alternation ofGenerations")

SPOROPHYTE(2n)

Embryo(2n)

Spores(n)

lost by reduction and modificationin the Angiospermsand some Gnetales

Sporangium(2n)

Archegonium(n)

Antheridium(n)

fertilization

mitosismitosis

meiosis

mitosis

}(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms)

Sporocyte(2n)

produce

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calyptraoperculum

peristometooth

mature capsule(sporangium)

spores

gametophyte(n)

sporophyte(2n)

antheridia

archegonia

costa

germinatingspore

protonema

embryo(2n)

operculum

peristome teeth

archegonialneck

calyptraoperculum

peristometooth

mature capsule(sporangium)

spores

gametophyte(n)

sporophyte(2n)

antheridia

archegonia

costa

germinatingspore

protonema

embryo(2n)

operculum

peristome teeth

archegonialneck

spore (n) protonema spore

(n)

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spore (n) protonema spore

(n) protonema gametophyte (n)

spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)

archegonium antheridium

fertilization

spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n)

archegonium antheridium sporophyte (2n)

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fertilization

meiosis spore

(n) protonema gametophyte (n)

archegonium antheridium sporophyte (2n)

Sphagnum Peat Moss Sphagnum Peat Moss