False

FalseAssumptions:Laser Diffraction PSASystemsExposed

Richard N. KellyPrincipal ScientistJJPRD

FALSENot GenuineIntentionally UntrueInconsistent With The True Facts

Richard Kelly:

Good Afternoon. I am here to bring you the word for the day, and that word is: False. This word has been chosen not only because it is the title of my presentation: “False Assumptions: Laser diffraction particle size analysis Systems Exposed”, but also because it has been observed that many analytical scientists that demonstrate perfect command of the use of this word during conversations about other analytical techniques appear to loose this capability when the subject turns to particle size analysis. The three most common definitions of the word false are presented on this slide. We will be dealing mostly with the latter two definitions, I.e. not supported by fact and intentionally untrue. Having a common understanding of this term, we are now ready to discuss laser diffraction.

Richard Kelly:

Good Afternoon. I am here to bring you the word for the day, and that word is: False. This word has been chosen not only because it is the title of my presentation: “False Assumptions: Laser diffraction particle size analysis Systems Exposed”, but also because it has been observed that many analytical scientists that demonstrate perfect command of the use of this word during conversations about other analytical techniques appear to loose this capability when the subject turns to particle size analysis. The three most common definitions of the word false are presented on this slide. We will be dealing mostly with the latter two definitions, I.e. not supported by fact and intentionally untrue. Having a common understanding of this term, we are now ready to discuss laser diffraction.

LASER DIFFRACTION WEAKNESSES

SHAPE DEPENDENCE OF RESULTS

LIMIT OF DETECTION– Large Particles In Tail of Lorenzian

Distribution

Richard Kelly:

Laser diffraction is without a doubt the most popular technique within the pharmaceutical industry for the performance of particle size distribution measurement. Over the past decade, however, through the literature and through podium sessions such as this one it has been communicated to the scientific community that laser diffraction has two Achilles’ heels: 1. The shape dependence of its results 2. A limit of detection problem where up to 3-5% by weight or volume of large particles within the leading edge of a particle system characterized by a lorenzian distribution can go undetected.

Richard Kelly:

Laser diffraction is without a doubt the most popular technique within the pharmaceutical industry for the performance of particle size distribution measurement. Over the past decade, however, through the literature and through podium sessions such as this one it has been communicated to the scientific community that laser diffraction has two Achilles’ heels: 1. The shape dependence of its results 2. A limit of detection problem where up to 3-5% by weight or volume of large particles within the leading edge of a particle system characterized by a lorenzian distribution can go undetected.

Response of Laser Diffraction to Anisometric ParticlesNadine Gabas, Noel Hiquily, Claude Laquerie

Part. Syst. Charact. II (1994) 121-126

Richard Kelly:

It has been known since 1994 that laser diffraction results are shape dependent. It was in that year that Gabas, et. Al. reported the results of their studies with custom made stainless steel shape standards; cubes, plates, and rods. It was reported that the results from measurements of plates were in error by 31% and those of the rods by 70%. Prompted by this report, laser diffraction manufacturers funded an intense research effort into the development of new detector configurations and new analysis algorithms in the hope of finding a solution to the problem posed by the shape dependence of the results.

Richard Kelly:

It has been known since 1994 that laser diffraction results are shape dependent. It was in that year that Gabas, et. Al. reported the results of their studies with custom made stainless steel shape standards; cubes, plates, and rods. It was reported that the results from measurements of plates were in error by 31% and those of the rods by 70%. Prompted by this report, laser diffraction manufacturers funded an intense research effort into the development of new detector configurations and new analysis algorithms in the hope of finding a solution to the problem posed by the shape dependence of the results.

Richard Kelly:

However, in 1998 E. Dan Hirleman, presently professor emeritus of the school of mechanical engineering at Perdue, said: OK boys, we’ve given it our best shot. However,

Richard Kelly:

However, in 1998 E. Dan Hirleman, presently professor emeritus of the school of mechanical engineering at Perdue, said: OK boys, we’ve given it our best shot. However,

LASER DIFFRACTION: INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SHAPE AND A SHAPE ADAPTATION TECHNIQUEHeike Muhlenweg, E. Dan HirlemanPart. Part. Syst. Charact. 15 (1998) 163-169

Richard Kelly:

The best that we can do is provide an algorithm that will transform the results into equivalent spherical volume diameters for those particle systems where the shape is constant.

Richard Kelly:

The best that we can do is provide an algorithm that will transform the results into equivalent spherical volume diameters for those particle systems where the shape is constant.

LASER DIFFRACTION: INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SHAPE AND A SHAPE ADAPTATION TECHNIQUE

Heike Muhlenweg, E. Dan HirlemanPart. Part. Syst. Charact. 15 (1998) 163-169

Interpretation: A general algorithm for LD cannot be developed that can simultaneously deconvolute the diffraction pattern for particle systems which vary in both size and shape!!!!!!!

Richard Kelly:

However, in the general case where shape and size are both variables, no general solution can be provided. There are simply too many variables.

Richard Kelly:

However, in the general case where shape and size are both variables, no general solution can be provided. There are simply too many variables.

CORRELATION ATTEMPTSImage Analysis vs. Laser Diffraction

DATE JOURNAL AUTHOR/S PLOT

1995 J. Pharm. Sci. E. Brewster &

A. Ramsland

None

Frequency Table

IA: Area/Vol. Est. vs. Feret Diameter

LD:Volume

1997 Part. Part. Syst. Charact.

B. Kaye, D. Alliet, L. Switzer, C. Turbitt-Daoust

IA:Area% vs. ESD

LD:Volume %

2002 J. Disp. Sci. & Tech.

P. Bowen IA:Area% vs. ESD

LD:Volume %

Richard Kelly:

During the same period, many tried to find a correlation between image analysis results and laser diffraction results. Many were they, the meek and the mighty, that had come, to try to remove the sword from the stone, but success had they none. It was not until the Kelly lad said; “all of your assumptions about this stone are bad”, that the sword was glad and flew to Kelly’s hand. Interpretation: The table was not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all who over the past 10 years have tried to find a correlation between these two techniques. The examples were chosen to demonstrate the time period over which these attempts were made and the range of talent that has been applied. I believe Brewster and Ramsland were analysts like myself, whereas the others are scientists of international renown; Brian Kaye being the father of fractal geometry. Yet in each case only partial success at best was achieved. In each case, it was stated that either a poor correlation was achieved in the case of acicular particles, or no correlation at all was observed..So, liking a challenge, for the rest of this presentation we will concentrate upon the correlation of results from the measurements of acicular particle systems.

Richard Kelly:

During the same period, many tried to find a correlation between image analysis results and laser diffraction results. Many were they, the meek and the mighty, that had come, to try to remove the sword from the stone, but success had they none. It was not until the Kelly lad said; “all of your assumptions about this stone are bad”, that the sword was glad and flew to Kelly’s hand. Interpretation: The table was not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all who over the past 10 years have tried to find a correlation between these two techniques. The examples were chosen to demonstrate the time period over which these attempts were made and the range of talent that has been applied. I believe Brewster and Ramsland were analysts like myself, whereas the others are scientists of international renown; Brian Kaye being the father of fractal geometry. Yet in each case only partial success at best was achieved. In each case, it was stated that either a poor correlation was achieved in the case of acicular particles, or no correlation at all was observed..So, liking a challenge, for the rest of this presentation we will concentrate upon the correlation of results from the measurements of acicular particle systems.

IMAGE ANALYSIS/LASER DIFFRACTION CROSS VALIDATION NEED

Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

NO

YES

ValidatePSDmethod

Evaluate need for particle size control in conjunction with other physical properties that may influence processing

DevelopPSD

method

Compare withquantitativemicroscopy

results

Document particle size/ morphology and evaluate impact on processing

Screen anddevelop suitable

PSD method

Compare withquantitative

microscopy results

Investigate the effect of any change in substance, with respect to morphology or particle size, from that initially studied.

Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

NO

YES

ValidatePSDmethod


DevelopPSD

method


results



PSD method


microscopy results


Richard Kelly:

Even though a correlation was not found, standard setting organizations were suggesting, as shown in this block diagram, that image analysis and laser diffraction be used in tandem. Note: That for the purpose of this conversation that image analysis is considered to be nothing more than computer-aided microscopy. It was suggested that microscopy results be compared to laser diffraction results during laser diffraction method development and that an iterative process of changes be followed until the two sets of data were in substantial agreement.

Richard Kelly:

Even though a correlation was not found, standard setting organizations were suggesting, as shown in this block diagram, that image analysis and laser diffraction be used in tandem. Note: That for the purpose of this conversation that image analysis is considered to be nothing more than computer-aided microscopy. It was suggested that microscopy results be compared to laser diffraction results during laser diffraction method development and that an iterative process of changes be followed until the two sets of data were in substantial agreement.

Image Analysis (Number Probability-microns)

Sample ID 656-42-1BPooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-86B1 19376-120A 656-32-4Pooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-96A

Mean 5.28 10.97 29.80 31.19 80.18

Std Dev. 2.35 9.78 28.42 33.83 78.54

Maximum 20.78 71.00 198.77 227.40 426.37

d15 3.14 2.90 7.96 7.30 9.82

d50 4.81 7.62 19.87 15.91 55.01

d90 8.22 23.30 64.35 83.49 196.52

Image Analysis (*Area Probability-microns)

d10 4.02 10.42 26.70 31.42 92.95

d50 6.78 25.17 76.22 91.40 204.25

d90 12.24 48.71 168.57 146.66 323.98

Coulter LS 13 320 Analysis (Volume Probability-microns)

d10 0.84 9.91 23.62 26.06 38.70

d50 2.70 27.66 54.40 56.99 108.60

d90 8.17 47.50 127.20 119.80 269.60

Richard Kelly:

But, being without a means of determining when the results were in agreement led to situations like the one shown here. The last column of data are data collected from the measurement of an acicular particle system. When comparing the image analysis area% data and the laser diffraction volume% data, we see that a ca. 300% difference exists between the d10 values and an approximate 100% difference exists between the d50 values. So, how was one to proceed?

Richard Kelly:

But, being without a means of determining when the results were in agreement led to situations like the one shown here. The last column of data are data collected from the measurement of an acicular particle system. When comparing the image analysis area% data and the laser diffraction volume% data, we see that a ca. 300% difference exists between the d10 values and an approximate 100% difference exists between the d50 values. So, how was one to proceed?

POPULAR CROSS VALIDATION STRATEGY WITHIN

THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Richard Kelly:

A certain fraction of those within the particle size analysis community responded by adopting the behavioral pattern of the no hear, no see, no speak evil apes. As laser diffraction has become their favorite particle sizing technique, if differences between image analysis and laser diffraction results emerged, then they refused to see them, or worse, they would pretend that they were unimportant. If someone attempted to bring the real differences to their attention, they would not listen nor engage in constructive scientific dialogue. The problem with covering your eyes is that you voluntarily enter into a dark age where you are no longer guided by the light of reason and you prevent yourself from seeing even simple truths…if you don’t look for answers you probably will not find them. And by placing your hands over your ears you prevent yourself from hearing the voice of reason. If you are not being guided by that voice, then you make it possible to be led astray by other voices

Richard Kelly:

A certain fraction of those within the particle size analysis community responded by adopting the behavioral pattern of the no hear, no see, no speak evil apes. As laser diffraction has become their favorite particle sizing technique, if differences between image analysis and laser diffraction results emerged, then they refused to see them, or worse, they would pretend that they were unimportant. If someone attempted to bring the real differences to their attention, they would not listen nor engage in constructive scientific dialogue. The problem with covering your eyes is that you voluntarily enter into a dark age where you are no longer guided by the light of reason and you prevent yourself from seeing even simple truths…if you don’t look for answers you probably will not find them. And by placing your hands over your ears you prevent yourself from hearing the voice of reason. If you are not being guided by that voice, then you make it possible to be led astray by other voices

RESULT OF LACK OF SCIENTIFIC CROSS VALIDATION PRINCIPAL

Richard Kelly:

Such as the voice of flying pigs. I have three daughters; 13, 10, and 2. The two eldest daughters presently are fond of pigs. I had the opportunity to walk my 10 year old to the bus stop this morning, and having shown her the cartoon earlier, she asked me to explain it to her. I told her that the flying pig represents an individual who through the demonstration of his or her talent has distinguished themselves and have therefore risen in position within the community to that of an authority figure. The sheep represent the rest of us, who having great respect for the unique ability of this animal, typically heed the authority figures words. The problem that often occurs is that we often forget to question the verity of the message, especially if there is a long history of the spokesman’s record being sound. The black sheep represents those who don’t forget to question each statement. The black sheep are those responsible for scientific advancement. The black sheep realizes that the authority figure at times is a messenger angel , a conduit through which the true spirit of analytical science flows, whereas at other times the authority figure is just a squealing, flying pig, a conduit through which oozes

Richard Kelly:

Such as the voice of flying pigs. I have three daughters; 13, 10, and 2. The two eldest daughters presently are fond of pigs. I had the opportunity to walk my 10 year old to the bus stop this morning, and having shown her the cartoon earlier, she asked me to explain it to her. I told her that the flying pig represents an individual who through the demonstration of his or her talent has distinguished themselves and have therefore risen in position within the community to that of an authority figure. The sheep represent the rest of us, who having great respect for the unique ability of this animal, typically heed the authority figures words. The problem that often occurs is that we often forget to question the verity of the message, especially if there is a long history of the spokesman’s record being sound. The black sheep represents those who don’t forget to question each statement. The black sheep are those responsible for scientific advancement. The black sheep realizes that the authority figure at times is a messenger angel , a conduit through which the true spirit of analytical science flows, whereas at other times the authority figure is just a squealing, flying pig, a conduit through which oozes

FALSEA

L

S

E

CCURACY DOES NOT MATTER!Accuracy expresses the closeness of agreement between the value which is accepted either as a conventional true value or an accepted reference value and the value found. However, with particle size methods, accuracy cannot be measured because there is no “true” particle size value to compare against and image analysis data cannot be utilized as a reliable standard because the actual measurements are of different physical properties of the particles.

POPULAR FALSE MANTRA

Richard Kelly:

Passages such as the one shown here where the author contends that there is no such thing as a “true” particle size value thereby simply dismissing the applicability of statistics to the characterization of particle systems, and in which the author argues that image analysis and laser diffraction results cannot be compared because “the actual measurements are of different physical properties of the particles”.

It should be noted that even the most vocal advocate of laser diffraction, Dr. Brian Scarlett, agrees that the above statements are in error.

Richard Kelly:

Passages such as the one shown here where the author contends that there is no such thing as a “true” particle size value thereby simply dismissing the applicability of statistics to the characterization of particle systems, and in which the author argues that image analysis and laser diffraction results cannot be compared because “the actual measurements are of different physical properties of the particles”.

It should be noted that even the most vocal advocate of laser diffraction, Dr. Brian Scarlett, agrees that the above statements are in error.

FALSEA

L

S

E

CCURACY DOES NOT MATTER!Different particle size results obtained through various methods are equally accurate, but each method might be expressing the results in different terms, different properties of the particles are being measured.

As in the case of this study, if one is more interested in developing profiles of lot-to-lot variability, then the use of any of the available methods that yields “correct” results is appropriate; where a “correct” method is defined as one whose sample was obtained by an appropriate sampling procedure, in which the sample was prepared properly and introduced into the instrument, and in which all instrumental parameters were used correctly for the analysis.


Richard Kelly:

Worse yet it is argued that “Different particle size results obtained through various methods are equally accurate – equally correct”.

Whenever I see this statement I am caused to recall the scene in “Boystown” where Father Flanagan played by Spencer Tracey asserts that “There is no such thing as a bad boy”…There is no such thing as a bad particle size analysis system..they are all equally correct. This article was written by a present colleague of mine. It was learned that these passages were written because of following the voice of a flying pig.

Richard Kelly:

Worse yet it is argued that “Different particle size results obtained through various methods are equally accurate – equally correct”.

Whenever I see this statement I am caused to recall the scene in “Boystown” where Father Flanagan played by Spencer Tracey asserts that “There is no such thing as a bad boy”…There is no such thing as a bad particle size analysis system..they are all equally correct. This article was written by a present colleague of mine. It was learned that these passages were written because of following the voice of a flying pig.

INTERPRETATION OF PARTICLE SIZE REPORTED BYDIFFERENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUESPaul A. Webb, Micromeritics Instrument Corp.

Provided that the instruments used are capable of producing high-quality data, the pertinent questions, then, are, “was the sample properly prepared and properly presented to the instrument,” and “were the analytical parameters applied correctly”. If the answer to both is “yes”, then both analytical results probably are equally correct; they are just expressed in different terms.When comparing the results from two different types of sizing instruments, one should know if any characteristic of the particle other than size, or any characteristic of the sample presentation could effect the reported size value. Error from these sources is associated with non-ideal or even inappropriate application of the measuring instrument.What are the effects if the sample particles are not spherical? .. “the effect may be negligible or may be severe, and often cannot be predicated reliably.”What are the effects of assumption deviations?..The effect on the reported data ranges from negligible to catastrophic.

MANTRA A CORRUPTION OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

Richard Kelly:

I am not certain of the exact source of the erroneous statements, however, I do know that they represent perversions of statements found in the article of Paul Webb of Micromeritics. Mr. Webb writes that certainly the same physical phenomenon can be measured using instruments that provide the results in different terms. However, a conversion factor should exist that would allow easy assessment of the equality. Mr. Webb does not, however, write that the error functions of different measurement systems are identical. On the contrary, in the case of the shape dependence of laser diffraction results, Mr. Webb writes that the error, as in the case of cubes, can be negligible, or, as in the case of acicular particles, the error can be catastrophic.

Richard Kelly:

I am not certain of the exact source of the erroneous statements, however, I do know that they represent perversions of statements found in the article of Paul Webb of Micromeritics. Mr. Webb writes that certainly the same physical phenomenon can be measured using instruments that provide the results in different terms. However, a conversion factor should exist that would allow easy assessment of the equality. Mr. Webb does not, however, write that the error functions of different measurement systems are identical. On the contrary, in the case of the shape dependence of laser diffraction results, Mr. Webb writes that the error, as in the case of cubes, can be negligible, or, as in the case of acicular particles, the error can be catastrophic.

Position Paper on Particle Sizing: Sample Preparation, Method Validation and Data Presentation

Richard Bell, Andrew Dennis, Barry Hendriksen, Nigel North and John SherwoodPharmaceutical Technology Europe November 1999

Procedure. Detailed description of the proposed technique is required. This should include a section on why the technique is suitable (posibly including a brief microscopic evaluation), equivalent to a ‘suitability assessment’ or a ‘fitness for use’ statementAccuracy. It is questionable whether this is applicable for particle sizing, which may not have a right answer, in comparison with a chromatography (HPLC) technique, for example, which does-at least theoretically. For sample characterization, the analysis required is likely to vary in different situations, for example, agglomerates or primary particles, and number or volume analyses. Accuracy may be more appropriately viewed as calibration or verification of the technique, to a defined and traceable physical standard. Calibration, however, is common to all analytical procedures and is not part of method validation. The examination of the sample to be tested, by microscopy (qualitative not quantitative), should verify whether the technique is suitable for analysis of the sample and, in many cases, whether it is the best assessment of accuracy.

(Note the detailed procedure suggested for making the determination of “suitability” based on the collected microscopy data!

……Maybe there is room for improvement here!!!)

Richard Kelly:

It is particularly disturbing to find position papers being written reflecting these false viewpoints. For instance, in this European position paper it is argued that accuracy is a principle that does not apply to particle size analysis. Then, it is suggested that microscopy be used to establish the suitability of laser diffraction for the measurement of a non-spherical particle system. How?, well, you just look at it and make a judgment. Now if that isn’t a gem of analytical guidance!!

Richard Kelly:

It is particularly disturbing to find position papers being written reflecting these false viewpoints. For instance, in this European position paper it is argued that accuracy is a principle that does not apply to particle size analysis. Then, it is suggested that microscopy be used to establish the suitability of laser diffraction for the measurement of a non-spherical particle system. How?, well, you just look at it and make a judgment. Now if that isn’t a gem of analytical guidance!!



NON-POSITION PAPER:

METHOD SELECTION

Richard Kelly:

An acicular particle system is chosen as the example particle system for this paper. The example comment: This system is not spherical, remember this before proceeding with the development of your laser diffraction method…Obviously, no real guidance steps are provided in this document. Also note the absence of a micron bar in the micrograph. I’m certain the now departed Walter McCrone is still very disturbed by this practice.

Richard Kelly:

An acicular particle system is chosen as the example particle system for this paper. The example comment: This system is not spherical, remember this before proceeding with the development of your laser diffraction method…Obviously, no real guidance steps are provided in this document. Also note the absence of a micron bar in the micrograph. I’m certain the now departed Walter McCrone is still very disturbed by this practice.

GRAPHICAL CORRELATION OF IMAGE ANALYSIS AND LASER DIFFRACTION DATA: ACICULAR

PARTICLES

Richard Kelly:

Fortunately, a more meaningful practice exists for comparing image analysis and laser diffraction data. We can leave smoke and mirrors behind us and proceed along an actual scientific path. In this practice the so called “volume probability” laser diffraction data is plotted on the same graph as the projected surface area based longest dimension, breadth, area equivalent diameter image analysis data. Then simple arithmetic corrections are applied to the data sets as required. This will be discussed in greater detail later, but first I believe it to be very instructive to explore

Richard Kelly:

Fortunately, a more meaningful practice exists for comparing image analysis and laser diffraction data. We can leave smoke and mirrors behind us and proceed along an actual scientific path. In this practice the so called “volume probability” laser diffraction data is plotted on the same graph as the projected surface area based longest dimension, breadth, area equivalent diameter image analysis data. Then simple arithmetic corrections are applied to the data sets as required. This will be discussed in greater detail later, but first I believe it to be very instructive to explore

WHY 10 YEARS?:FALSE

Random Particle Orientation

Volume (Weight) Based Results

Equivalent Spherical Diameter Data

Richard Kelly:

The answer to the question: “Why did it take ten years to find such a simple relationship between laser diffraction and image analysis results from the measurement of acicular particle systems? What I hope to show is that the failure was the result of accepting all or some of the laser diffraction manufacturer provided assumptions about the basis of operation of the laser diffraction systems and about the interpretation of the results from these systems.

Richard Kelly:

The answer to the question: “Why did it take ten years to find such a simple relationship between laser diffraction and image analysis results from the measurement of acicular particle systems? What I hope to show is that the failure was the result of accepting all or some of the laser diffraction manufacturer provided assumptions about the basis of operation of the laser diffraction systems and about the interpretation of the results from these systems.

LASER DIFFRACTION FAIRY TALE

Richard Kelly:

In other words, the fault was in part due to the inability to break free from the enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale.

This fairy tale is told in many ways. I have heard it told as recently as last summer at the AAPS particle size analysis workshop. One form of the fairy tale goes as follows:

On the first day God created light and found it good.

On the second day God created all geometrical forms, including the sphere, and found them good.

On the third day, God created all man-kind, including the future laser diffraction manufacturers.

God withheld judgment. On that day the future laser diffraction manufacturers said to God: “God, the light you have created is good. And God, of all the geometrical forms you have made, the sphere is muy excellente as it is one of the few that can be characterized by a single parameter, its radius, and because it has a simple volume to mass relationship”. Then the future laser diffraction manufacturers said to God, “OK God, your part in this creation process is over, we will take over from here.

Richard Kelly:

In other words, the fault was in part due to the inability to break free from the enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale.

This fairy tale is told in many ways. I have heard it told as recently as last summer at the AAPS particle size analysis workshop. One form of the fairy tale goes as follows:

On the first day God created light and found it good.

On the second day God created all geometrical forms, including the sphere, and found them good.

On the third day, God created all man-kind, including the future laser diffraction manufacturers.

God withheld judgment. On that day the future laser diffraction manufacturers said to God: “God, the light you have created is good. And God, of all the geometrical forms you have made, the sphere is muy excellente as it is one of the few that can be characterized by a single parameter, its radius, and because it has a simple volume to mass relationship”. Then the future laser diffraction manufacturers said to God, “OK God, your part in this creation process is over, we will take over from here.

LASER DIFFRACTION

Richard Kelly:

So, on the fourth day the laser diffraction manufacturers created the laser diffraction particle size analyzer. They endowed it with a high intensity monochromatic light source, ie a laser, a sample cell, and a set of concentric ring detectors.

Richard Kelly:

So, on the fourth day the laser diffraction manufacturers created the laser diffraction particle size analyzer. They endowed it with a high intensity monochromatic light source, ie a laser, a sample cell, and a set of concentric ring detectors.

Laser Diffraction – Raw Data

Richard Kelly:

On the fifth day, the laser diffraction manufacturers created the laser diffraction software. They took the ensemble produced laser diffraction pattern

Richard Kelly:

On the fifth day, the laser diffraction manufacturers created the laser diffraction software. They took the ensemble produced laser diffraction pattern

LASER DIFFRACTION INVERSION MATRIX

Richard Kelly:

And applied advanced mathematical principles

Richard Kelly:

And applied advanced mathematical principles

LASER DIFFRACTION ALGORITHMS

MIE THEORY• Complete Solution:Refractive Indices of

Sample/Fluid

– Fraunhofer• Opaque Sample

• Total Diffraction = Sum of Components

• No Multiple Scattering Events

Richard Kelly:

Guided by the Mie theory, which requires as input optical parameters characterizing the sample and the sample carrier fluid, and created software that supposedly related the diffraction pattern to the particle size distribution of the sample on a volume probability basis.

Richard Kelly:

Guided by the Mie theory, which requires as input optical parameters characterizing the sample and the sample carrier fluid, and created software that supposedly related the diffraction pattern to the particle size distribution of the sample on a volume probability basis.

LASER DIFFRACTION:BASIC ASSUMPTIONS



Spherical Equivalent Diameter Data

Independent Scattering Events

Total Scattering = Sum of Individual

Richard Kelly:

On the sixth day the laser diffraction manufacturers created a sales force. They instructed the sales force to go ye therefore teaching all nations that laser diffraction particle size analysis systems perform miracles providing spherical equivalent data on a volume probability basis. These miracles were possible because every particle system, regardless of its shape, was caused to flow through the sample cell with random orientation with respect to the laser, that each position had equal statistical weight.

Richard Kelly:

On the sixth day the laser diffraction manufacturers created a sales force. They instructed the sales force to go ye therefore teaching all nations that laser diffraction particle size analysis systems perform miracles providing spherical equivalent data on a volume probability basis. These miracles were possible because every particle system, regardless of its shape, was caused to flow through the sample cell with random orientation with respect to the laser, that each position had equal statistical weight.

LASER DIFFRACTION Example of Graphical Data Representation

Richard Kelly:

So, the analysis algorithm is able to present the results in a graphical format as shown in the example graph where these results would be interpreted as having been produced by the measurement of a particle system with two subpopulations having d50 values of ca. 2 microns and ca. 6 microns, each population being present with approximately equal mass.

On the seventh day God created a black hole and escaped to a different dimension and the laser diffraction manufacturers rested expending only that amount of energy to count their profits.

Richard Kelly:

So, the analysis algorithm is able to present the results in a graphical format as shown in the example graph where these results would be interpreted as having been produced by the measurement of a particle system with two subpopulations having d50 values of ca. 2 microns and ca. 6 microns, each population being present with approximately equal mass.

On the seventh day God created a black hole and escaped to a different dimension and the laser diffraction manufacturers rested expending only that amount of energy to count their profits.





Richard Kelly:

OK, so let’s examine the elements of this fairy tale.

First: Random Orientation

Richard Kelly:

OK, so let’s examine the elements of this fairy tale.

First: Random Orientation

FLOW ORIENTATION:Malvern: Mark Bumiller,

Vice President of Product Development, December 19, 2002

“In cases where the aspect ratio is greater than 5:1, then particles cannot present themselves in random orientations to the laser. In these cases a phenomenon called flow alignment occurs and the particles are at 90o to the incident laser beam. In these cases the x-axis exerts little influence on the light scattering and the projected area is the parameter that is isolated rather than the volume”

Richard Kelly:

About a year ago I submitted a questionnaire to each of the major laser diffraction manufacturers in which one of the questions asked was to what extent the results of their systems were effected by preferential orientation. One of the few to respond was Mark Bumiller, who at the time was Malvern’s US vice president of product development. Mr. Bumiller provided the answer shown here where it is stated that when particles are characterized by an aspect ratio greater than 5:1 that a phenomenon called flow alignment occurs where particles pass the laser at a average orientation of 90 degrees. In these instances what is measured is projected surface area.

Richard Kelly:

About a year ago I submitted a questionnaire to each of the major laser diffraction manufacturers in which one of the questions asked was to what extent the results of their systems were effected by preferential orientation. One of the few to respond was Mark Bumiller, who at the time was Malvern’s US vice president of product development. Mr. Bumiller provided the answer shown here where it is stated that when particles are characterized by an aspect ratio greater than 5:1 that a phenomenon called flow alignment occurs where particles pass the laser at a average orientation of 90 degrees. In these instances what is measured is projected surface area.

FLOW ORIENTATION: Beckman-Coulter: R. Xu, O. Andreina Di Guida

“Size and Shape Characterization of Small Particles”Powder Technology132 (2003) 145-153

“For non-spherical particles larger than about 20 microns, the angular scattering patterns from LD are mainly produced by the projection of particles perpendicular to the beam”

Richard Kelly:

Yet, last year R. Xu and O. Andreina Di Guida from Beckman Coulter stated in their paper entitled “Size and Shape Characterization of Small Particles” that for non-spherical particles larger than 20 microns that the angular scattering patterns from LD are mainly produced by the projection of particles perpendicular to the beam.

Actually, I do not believe that either of these statements casts a wide enough enough net to capture all the incidents where flow alignment occurs.

Richard Kelly:

Yet, last year R. Xu and O. Andreina Di Guida from Beckman Coulter stated in their paper entitled “Size and Shape Characterization of Small Particles” that for non-spherical particles larger than 20 microns that the angular scattering patterns from LD are mainly produced by the projection of particles perpendicular to the beam.

Actually, I do not believe that either of these statements casts a wide enough enough net to capture all the incidents where flow alignment occurs.

DEMONSTRATION OF LAMINAR FLOWFibres and Fibre Collectives with Common Laser Diffractometers

Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 17 (2000) 113-116Christoph Berthold, Robert Klein, Jurgen Luhmann, Klaus G. Nickel

Richard Kelly:

To appreciate my point of view, the following facts must be considered:

1. Berthold, Klein, Luhmann, and Nickel demonstrated in their paper the existence of laminar flow in most LD systems.

Richard Kelly:

To appreciate my point of view, the following facts must be considered:

1. Berthold, Klein, Luhmann, and Nickel demonstrated in their paper the existence of laminar flow in most LD systems.

THEORETICAL PREDICTION OF EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON DIFFRACTION PATTERN

Transformation of Diffraction Pattern due to Ellipsoids into Equivalent Diameter Distribution for Spheres

Tatsushi Matsuyama, Hideo Yamamoto, Brian Scarlett

Richard Kelly:

Secondly, Scarlett et al have reported that in the case of monosized elliptical particles that their mathematical model indicated that in the case of random orientation that diffraction only from the minor chord, ie the breadth of the ellipses, is detected whereas in the case of flow alignment that diffraction from both the major, ie the length of the ellipses, as well as the minor chords are detected such that two peaks rather than one are found in the volume probability distribution graph.

Richard Kelly:

Secondly, Scarlett et al have reported that in the case of monosized elliptical particles that their mathematical model indicated that in the case of random orientation that diffraction only from the minor chord, ie the breadth of the ellipses, is detected whereas in the case of flow alignment that diffraction from both the major, ie the length of the ellipses, as well as the minor chords are detected such that two peaks rather than one are found in the volume probability distribution graph.

AEA STANDARDS

•AEA 1001-1003 particle shape standards purchased from LGC Promochem

Web www.lgcpromochem.com

•Particles manufactured ca. 1995. Funded by the National Measurement System Policy Unit of the UK Department of Trade and Industry under the Valid Analytical Measurement initiative (Project 14)

•Primary use in the study of the shape response of aerodynamic particle size analyzers

•Price per 10-ml vial containing ca. 106 particles: 150 Pounds Sterling

•One vial required per measurement when employing a 15-ml sample cell. Resulting optical obscuration: 1-3%

Richard Kelly:

Approximately 2 years ago I identified what appears to be the world’s only source of certified shape standards: LGC Promochem which is the British equivalent of NIST. LGC Promochem offers three shape standards being 3, 7.5, and 12 microns in length and approximately 1.7 and 1 micron in breadth and thickness, respectively. These are machined silicon particles that were produced under the directive of the Valid Analytical Measurement initiative for the purpose of characterizing the shape response of aerodynamic particle size analyzers. At the time it does not appear that they had previously been studied by LD.

Richard Kelly:

Approximately 2 years ago I identified what appears to be the world’s only source of certified shape standards: LGC Promochem which is the British equivalent of NIST. LGC Promochem offers three shape standards being 3, 7.5, and 12 microns in length and approximately 1.7 and 1 micron in breadth and thickness, respectively. These are machined silicon particles that were produced under the directive of the Valid Analytical Measurement initiative for the purpose of characterizing the shape response of aerodynamic particle size analyzers. At the time it does not appear that they had previously been studied by LD.

MALVERN AEA MEASUREMENT RESULTS

Richard Kelly:

The volume probability results from the measurements made are characterized by peaks corresponding to diffraction along both the minor and major chords. This response was noted regardless of the flow speed chosen and regardless of the LD system used. Beckman-Coulter, Horiba, Malvern, and Sympatec systems all provided the same response. Therefore, in light of Dr. Scarlett’s paper, it appears that flow alignment occurs for each of these systems, from 12 microns down to 3 microns.

Richard Kelly:

The volume probability results from the measurements made are characterized by peaks corresponding to diffraction along both the minor and major chords. This response was noted regardless of the flow speed chosen and regardless of the LD system used. Beckman-Coulter, Horiba, Malvern, and Sympatec systems all provided the same response. Therefore, in light of Dr. Scarlett’s paper, it appears that flow alignment occurs for each of these systems, from 12 microns down to 3 microns.

An Estimate of Orientation Effects on the Results of Size Distribution Measurements for Oblate Particles

Ceramics-Silikaty (2002), 46(2), 41-48W. Pabst, J. Mikac, E. Gregorova, J. Havrda

“The influence of the orientation of oblate particles on vol.-weighted particle size distributions (PSD) is demonstrated with an idealized model system. The overall est. is based on partial “worse case” ests. found by an explicit calcn. of selected non-random orientations for disk-shaped particles with an aspect ratio of 10 and a wide-range PSD. According to the simulation results the d10, d50 (median) and d90 values for particle orientations of 60o, 45o, 30o, and 0o deviate by less than 17% from those of the 90o orientation (corresponding to projections normal to the disk plane), whereby the max. deviation occurs for orientations close to 30o. For quasi-random orientation the deviation is even smaller (approx. 3-7%). Thus it is shown that, in contrast to the widespread belief, the effect of particle orientation on the resulting vol.-weighted PSD is for oblate particles small enough to be completely smeared out for purely statistical reasons to within typical errors of measurement of the usual sizing methods.”

Richard Kelly:

These findings coupled with the findings from recent numerical simulations conducted in the Czech Republic that indicate that deviations from perpendicular alignment do not have a statistically significant effect upon the results

Richard Kelly:

These findings coupled with the findings from recent numerical simulations conducted in the Czech Republic that indicate that deviations from perpendicular alignment do not have a statistically significant effect upon the results

LESSON 1: FALSE

Particles > 1 micron, as a general rule, are not present within the flow cells of laser diffractometers at random orientations with equal statistical weight

Laser diffraction-based particle size analysis results are not strongly dependent upon small deviations from the perpendicular laser-particle orientation.

Richard Kelly:

Lead to the following conclusion:

The assumption that particles are present in the LD sample cells in random orientations with respect to the laser each with equal statistical weight is: FALSE. It is instead safer to assume that for particles greater than 1 micron that the particles are oriented 90 degrees with respect to the laser.

Richard Kelly:

Lead to the following conclusion:

The assumption that particles are present in the LD sample cells in random orientations with respect to the laser each with equal statistical weight is: FALSE. It is instead safer to assume that for particles greater than 1 micron that the particles are oriented 90 degrees with respect to the laser.





Richard Kelly:

Now let’s examine the claim that LD provides (volume) weight –based results

Richard Kelly:

Now let’s examine the claim that LD provides (volume) weight –based results

SERMON ON THE MOUNTS OF MALVERN

The Importance of Particle Size Analysis in the Pharmaceutical IndustryDr. Alan Rawle

Mie theory allows us to transform the measured intensity distribution data to volume

It is applicable for all sizes from 2A gas molecules or atoms to 1 km asteroids in space

Just because a particle is non-spherical does not mean that stops scattering light! The interpretation of the scattering data can still be evaluated by the Mie theory and it has been shown that for many shapes (eg cubes, cylinders, rhombohedra) the obtained diffraction pattern can be explained by Mie theory in terms of the volume of the particle

A volume distribution is generated directly which is equal to the weight distribution if the density is constant. This is the preferred distribution for chemical engineers.

Richard Kelly:

This examination brings us to what I call the “Sermon On The Mounts of Malvern”. Dr. Alan Rawle of Malvern several years ago wrote an article entitled: “The Importance of Particle Size Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry”. This article served for many years as the primer on LD particle size analysis. Within this article Rawle contends that the advantages of LD include: 1. The Mie theory allows data to be expressed in terms of volume

2. It is applicable to particles of all size from gas atoms to asteroids

3. The diffraction from particles of any shape can be interpreted in terms of spherical equivalent volume diameters

Richard Kelly:

This examination brings us to what I call the “Sermon On The Mounts of Malvern”. Dr. Alan Rawle of Malvern several years ago wrote an article entitled: “The Importance of Particle Size Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry”. This article served for many years as the primer on LD particle size analysis. Within this article Rawle contends that the advantages of LD include: 1. The Mie theory allows data to be expressed in terms of volume

2. It is applicable to particles of all size from gas atoms to asteroids

3. The diffraction from particles of any shape can be interpreted in terms of spherical equivalent volume diameters

SERMON ON THE MOUNTS OF MALVERN

The Importance of Particle Size Analysis in the Pharmaceutical IndustryDr. Alan Rawle

For the large region d>>5 then Fraunhofer approximation gives a reasonably good correspondence to the exact answer generated by Mie theory

The Mie theory assumes the volume of the particle as opposed to Fraunhofer which is a projected area prediction

Richard Kelly:

To be fair to Dr. Rawle, it must be stated that hidden within the article are the statements that if the diameter of the particle is much greater than the wavelength of the laser, then the Fruanhofer approximation applies which provides data in terms of projected surface area. However, immediately following these statements the Mie theory is again touted as being general and providing volume, and therefore mass, based results.

Richard Kelly:

To be fair to Dr. Rawle, it must be stated that hidden within the article are the statements that if the diameter of the particle is much greater than the wavelength of the laser, then the Fruanhofer approximation applies which provides data in terms of projected surface area. However, immediately following these statements the Mie theory is again touted as being general and providing volume, and therefore mass, based results.


PARTICLES

Richard Kelly:

However, within this graph the LD volume data is coincident with either the image analysis projected surface area breadth and/or longest dimension data. When does volume equal projected surface area? In our three dimensional world this never occurs. Coincidence is the result of the fact that what is referred to as volume in the LD data presentation is actually projected surface area.

Richard Kelly:

However, within this graph the LD volume data is coincident with either the image analysis projected surface area breadth and/or longest dimension data. When does volume equal projected surface area? In our three dimensional world this never occurs. Coincidence is the result of the fact that what is referred to as volume in the LD data presentation is actually projected surface area.

ALTERNATE SOURCE OF STANDARDS

Richard Kelly:

How about supporting data? Yes, data is good. However, as previously stated, their exist at the moment only three certified shape standards. Therefore, in order to generate supporting data it was necessary to first identify an appropriate LD system. The system chosen was the R8 configured Sympatec LD system as it allows the measurement of particles up to 8 mm in length. Then it was necessary to find a suitable source of pseudo standards. Our source was a local Michaels Arts and Crafts center.

Richard Kelly:

How about supporting data? Yes, data is good. However, as previously stated, their exist at the moment only three certified shape standards. Therefore, in order to generate supporting data it was necessary to first identify an appropriate LD system. The system chosen was the R8 configured Sympatec LD system as it allows the measurement of particles up to 8 mm in length. Then it was necessary to find a suitable source of pseudo standards. Our source was a local Michaels Arts and Crafts center.

MICROGRAPH OF 5 mm PLATE & 6 mm CUBE

Richard Kelly:

From Michaels a variety of Jewelry & Craft beads were purchased including cubes and plates.

Richard Kelly:

From Michaels a variety of Jewelry & Craft beads were purchased including cubes and plates.

EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETERS5mm Plate/6mm Cube

MEASUREMENT PLATE (MM) CUBE (MM)

LENGTH 5.50 6.00 WIDTH 5.50 6.00 HEIGTH 0.33 6.00 VOLUME 9.98 216 ESD 1.68 7.44

Richard Kelly:

From the data contained in this table it can be seen that if LD systems provided data in terms of volume that in ESD units the size of the cubes would be 4 to 5 times greater than that of the plates.

Richard Kelly:

From the data contained in this table it can be seen that if LD systems provided data in terms of volume that in ESD units the size of the cubes would be 4 to 5 times greater than that of the plates.

5 mm PLATE LD DATA

Richard Kelly:

Here is the data obtained from the plates

Richard Kelly:

Here is the data obtained from the plates

6 mm CUBE LD DATA

Richard Kelly:

Here is the data from the cubes

Richard Kelly:

Here is the data from the cubes

COMPARISON OF 5mm PLATE AND 6 mm CUBE LD DATA

Richard Kelly:

And here the data from the 2 sets of experiments are combined and it is clearly seen that nothing close to a 4-5X difference exists between the d50 values. The conclusion is that LD systems operating within the Fraunhofer domain do not provide volume (mass) based data but projected surface area data.

Richard Kelly:

And here the data from the 2 sets of experiments are combined and it is clearly seen that nothing close to a 4-5X difference exists between the d50 values. The conclusion is that LD systems operating within the Fraunhofer domain do not provide volume (mass) based data but projected surface area data.

Richard Kelly:

Similar experiments were performed with other shaped particles

Richard Kelly:

Similar experiments were performed with other shaped particles

5 mm FLAT STAR LD DATA

Richard Kelly:

And similar results were obtained.

Richard Kelly:

And similar results were obtained.

6 mm SOLID STAR LD DATA

LESSON 2: FALSE

SURFACE AREA = VOLUMEXFor particles > 1 micron, laser diffraction PSA system results are not “volume” distribution results and therefore cannot be considered “mass” distribution results.

Volume-weighted is not equivalent to “volume”

Richard Kelly:

The second lesson is that the assumption that LD systems provide volume (mass) based results is FALSE.

As seen from the graph presented earlier, although LD results may be volume-weighted as a result of a cubed radius term in the analytical equation, LD results for particles of size above 1 micron are best considered as projected surface area data.

Richard Kelly:

The second lesson is that the assumption that LD systems provide volume (mass) based results is FALSE.

As seen from the graph presented earlier, although LD results may be volume-weighted as a result of a cubed radius term in the analytical equation, LD results for particles of size above 1 micron are best considered as projected surface area data.





Richard Kelly:

Finally, let us consider the claim that the results from LD systems are provided in terms of spherical equivalent diameters.

Richard Kelly:

Finally, let us consider the claim that the results from LD systems are provided in terms of spherical equivalent diameters.

MALVERN AEA MEASUREMENT RESULTS

Richard Kelly:

We have already seen that the LD measurement of the LGC Promochem standards consisting of monosized particles results in volume distribution graphs with peaks corresponding to both diffraction along the minor and major chords. In these graphs the peaks correspond to breadth and length and not to some equivalent spherical measure.

Richard Kelly:

We have already seen that the LD measurement of the LGC Promochem standards consisting of monosized particles results in volume distribution graphs with peaks corresponding to both diffraction along the minor and major chords. In these graphs the peaks correspond to breadth and length and not to some equivalent spherical measure.

AEA MEASUREMENT DATA

SAMPLE ID AEA 1002(7.51x1.72x1.02)

AEA 1003(12.13X1.70X1.00)

d10 2.024 2.074

d50 5.233 5.341

d90 6.756 12.709

ESD 2.92 3.40

Richard Kelly:

This is clearly seen from a comparison of the calculated ESD and the measurement results.

Richard Kelly:

This is clearly seen from a comparison of the calculated ESD and the measurement results.

LESSON 3: FALSEThere is no benefit to be gained from interpreting laser diffraction results in terms of “equivalent spherical volume diameters.

Richard Kelly:

Lesson 3 is then that the assumption that LD systems provide results in terms of equivalent spherical diameters is FALSE.

Richard Kelly:

Lesson 3 is then that the assumption that LD systems provide results in terms of equivalent spherical diameters is FALSE.

CORRELATION ATTEMPTSImage Analysis vs. Laser Diffraction

DATE JOURNAL AUTHOR/S PLOT

1995 J. Pharm. Sci. E. Brewster &

A. Ramsland

None

Frequency Table

IA: Area/Vol. Est. vs. Feret Diameter

LD:Volume

1997 Part. Part. Syst. Charact.

B. Kaye, D. Alliet, L. Switzer, C. Turbitt-Daoust

IA:Area% vs. ESD

LD:Volume %

2002 J. Disp. Sci. & Tech.

P. Bowen IA:Area% vs. ESD

LD:Volume %

Richard Kelly:

So, returning to the question as to why it took ten years to find the simple correlation between LD and image analysis results for acicular particles, it should be obvious that the reason is that each of those that had undertaken this challenge failed in part as a result of the enduring enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale.

Richard Kelly:

So, returning to the question as to why it took ten years to find the simple correlation between LD and image analysis results for acicular particles, it should be obvious that the reason is that each of those that had undertaken this challenge failed in part as a result of the enduring enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale.

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

FALSE

Richard Kelly:

They failed to realize the extent to which the assumptions provided by the manufacturers were FALSE.

Richard Kelly:

They failed to realize the extent to which the assumptions provided by the manufacturers were FALSE.

THE PERIL OF ADVERTISING CLAIMS

Richard Kelly:

They had failed to remember the lesson first taught in Homer’s Odyssey, which is; If you are on a voyage in search for the truth, your passage may well take you past the island of the ad man sirens. If you choose to listen, then you must be certain that you remain bound fast to the mast of reason. If not, then you most probably will willingly place yourself forever on the beach of the ad man sirens under the enchantment of their song of advertised claims unwittingly serving as a source of food to them until your scientific ambition remains a well picked carcass.

Richard Kelly:

They had failed to remember the lesson first taught in Homer’s Odyssey, which is; If you are on a voyage in search for the truth, your passage may well take you past the island of the ad man sirens. If you choose to listen, then you must be certain that you remain bound fast to the mast of reason. If not, then you most probably will willingly place yourself forever on the beach of the ad man sirens under the enchantment of their song of advertised claims unwittingly serving as a source of food to them until your scientific ambition remains a well picked carcass.

QUESTION: CAN ONE MEANINGFULLY COMPARE IMAGE ANALYSIS AND LD PSA DATA?

Image AnalysisLaser Diffraction-Based PSA Analysis– Assumptions Made– Effects of Assumption Violation– Misconceptions Beyond the Hype and Subterfuge “The Emperor's New Clothes”– Determining Appropriateness of Application

Richard Kelly:

Sailing past the isle of false assumptions, let us now investigate the steps that led to the JJPRD graphical approach of comparing LD and image analysis data.

Richard Kelly:

Sailing past the isle of false assumptions, let us now investigate the steps that led to the JJPRD graphical approach of comparing LD and image analysis data.

IMAGES OF SCIO 323 HCL LOT 656-42-113

Richard Kelly:

The first step is a review of the LD and image analysis data collected from the measurements made on 5 salts of SCIO 323. These salts being selected as their morphology varies in an almost continuous fashion from micronized spherical particles

Richard Kelly:

The first step is a review of the LD and image analysis data collected from the measurements made on 5 salts of SCIO 323. These salts being selected as their morphology varies in an almost continuous fashion from micronized spherical particles

IMAGES OF SCIO 323 HCL LOT 19376-86B1

Richard Kelly:

To irregular spherical particles

Richard Kelly:

To irregular spherical particles

IMAGES OF SCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 19376-120A

Richard Kelly:

To a particle system containing acicular and irregular spherical particles

Richard Kelly:

To a particle system containing acicular and irregular spherical particles

IMAGES OF SCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 656-32-4

Richard Kelly:

To a more predominantly acicular particle system with a small population of fines

Richard Kelly:

To a more predominantly acicular particle system with a small population of fines

IMAGES OF SCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 19376-96A

Richard Kelly:

To finally a particle system consisting of coarse acicular particles

Richard Kelly:

To finally a particle system consisting of coarse acicular particles

DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME % GRAPHSCIO 323 HCL LOT 656-42-113

Richard Kelly:

Presented in the next 5 slides is the corresponding LD data. The integration limits were chosen on the basis of the microscopic determination of the largest part. This role for microscopy, I.e. the use of microscopy as a reality check of LD results, is a well accepted role for microscopy.

Richard Kelly:

Presented in the next 5 slides is the corresponding LD data. The integration limits were chosen on the basis of the microscopic determination of the largest part. This role for microscopy, I.e. the use of microscopy as a reality check of LD results, is a well accepted role for microscopy.

DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME % GRAPHSCIO 323 HCL LOT 19376-86B1

DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME % GRAPHSCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 19376-86B1

DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME % GRAPHSCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 656-32-4

DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME % GRAPHSCIO 323 FREE BASE LOT 19736-96A DRIED


Sample ID 656-42-1BPooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-86B1 19376-120A 656-32-4Pooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-96A

Mean 5.28 10.97 29.80 31.19 80.18

Std Dev. 2.35 9.78 28.42 33.83 78.54

Maximum 20.78 71.00 198.77 227.40 426.37

d15 3.14 2.90 7.96 7.30 9.82

d50 4.81 7.62 19.87 15.91 55.01

d90 8.22 23.30 64.35 83.49 196.52


d10 4.02 10.42 26.70 31.42 92.95

d50 6.78 25.17 76.22 91.40 204.25

d90 12.24 48.71 168.57 146.66 323.98


d10 0.84 9.91 23.62 26.06 38.70

d50 2.70 27.66 54.40 56.99 108.60

d90 8.17 47.50 127.20 119.80 269.60

Richard Kelly:

This table provides the opportunity for a numerical comparison of the results. Note that knowing that the LD volume data actually is projected surface area data, the comparison to be made is between the image analysis projected surface area data and the so called LD volume data. The image analysis parameter chosen is longest dimension. From the table it is seen that the IA area data and the LD data compare favorably in the case of the micronized material. A roughly constant difference of ca. 4 microns exists between the data sets in this case. Considering that no attempt was made to make an exact determination of the LD optical parameters and that at the magnification employed the complete particle size range was not covered, this difference can be explained and is not considered significant.

In the case of the irregular spherical particles the IA and LD data sets can be considered equivalent. (This again underscores the fact that LD measurements are not volume but projected surface area based).

For the remaining three salts where there is an increasing population of acicular particles, it is seen that the d parameters of the IA data increase at a significantly greater rate than that of the LD data which is seen to level off.

Richard Kelly:

This table provides the opportunity for a numerical comparison of the results. Note that knowing that the LD volume data actually is projected surface area data, the comparison to be made is between the image analysis projected surface area data and the so called LD volume data. The image analysis parameter chosen is longest dimension. From the table it is seen that the IA area data and the LD data compare favorably in the case of the micronized material. A roughly constant difference of ca. 4 microns exists between the data sets in this case. Considering that no attempt was made to make an exact determination of the LD optical parameters and that at the magnification employed the complete particle size range was not covered, this difference can be explained and is not considered significant.

In the case of the irregular spherical particles the IA and LD data sets can be considered equivalent. (This again underscores the fact that LD measurements are not volume but projected surface area based).

For the remaining three salts where there is an increasing population of acicular particles, it is seen that the d parameters of the IA data increase at a significantly greater rate than that of the LD data which is seen to level off.

REINTEGRATED AEA MEASUREMENT DATA

STAT BEFORE(7.51x1.72x1.02)

AFTER(7.51x1.72x1.02)

d10 1.951 4.944

d50 4.810 6.473

d90 7.745 8.232

Richard Kelly:

The reason for the leveling of the LD data is that it is the result of the increasing contribution of diffraction from the minor chord (breadth) to the total sum of the diffraction events.

But as the diffraction events are additive, in certain cases the minor chord contributions can simply be subtracted from the total leaving, in the case of acicular particle systems, primarily the diffraction events from diffraction along the major chord (longest dimension).

Richard Kelly:

The reason for the leveling of the LD data is that it is the result of the increasing contribution of diffraction from the minor chord (breadth) to the total sum of the diffraction events.

But as the diffraction events are additive, in certain cases the minor chord contributions can simply be subtracted from the total leaving, in the case of acicular particle systems, primarily the diffraction events from diffraction along the major chord (longest dimension).

REINTEGRATED SCIO MEASUREMENT DATALOT 19736-96A

Richard Kelly:

Applying this procedure to each of the three data sets containing acicular particles, we see that the result of the procedure are d50 and d90 values that are closer in agreement to the IA derived d50 and d90 values.

Richard Kelly:

Applying this procedure to each of the three data sets containing acicular particles, we see that the result of the procedure are d50 and d90 values that are closer in agreement to the IA derived d50 and d90 values.


STAT IMAGE ANALYSIS

COULTER BEFORE RI

COULTER AFTER RI

%ERRORBEFORE RI

%ERRORAFTER RI

d10 92.95 38.70 112.00 58.36 20.49

d50 204.25 108.60 174.50 46.83 14.56

d90 323.98 269.60 330.40 16.78 1.98

REINTEGRATED SCIO MEASUREMENT DATALOT 656-32-4

REINTEGRATED SCIO MEASUREMENT DATALOT 656-32-4

STAT IMAGE ANALYSIS

COULTER BEFORE RI

COULTER AFTER RI

%ERRORBEFORE RI

%ERRORAFTER RI

d10 31.42 26.06 57.31 17.06 82.40

d50 91.40 56.99 83.93 37.65 8.17

d90 146.66 119.80 142.00 18.31 3.17



STAT IMAGE ANALYSIS

COULTER BEFORE RI

COULTER AFTER RI

%ERRORBEFORE RI

%ERRORAFTER RI

d10 26.70 23.62 57.92 11.54 116.93

d50 76.22 54.40 86.66 28.63 13.70

d90 168.57 127.20 156.30 24.54 7.28


PARTICLES

Richard Kelly:

The change in the d10 values do not follow this trend, however, it is not to be expected that they would. The LD d10 values predominantly reflect the minor chord contribution to the sum of the diffraction events. This is clearly seen in the graph of the results.

So, the LD d10 values to be compared to the IA d10 values in these cases would be those from the uncorrected data.

Richard Kelly:

The change in the d10 values do not follow this trend, however, it is not to be expected that they would. The LD d10 values predominantly reflect the minor chord contribution to the sum of the diffraction events. This is clearly seen in the graph of the results.

So, the LD d10 values to be compared to the IA d10 values in these cases would be those from the uncorrected data.

IMAGE ANALYSIS/LASER DIFFRACTION CROSS VALIDATION NEED FULFILLED?

Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

NO

YES

ValidatePSDmethod


DevelopPSD

method


results



PSD method


microscopy results


Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

Is thefinal dosage

form chosen?

NO

YES

ValidatePSDmethod


DevelopPSD

method


results



PSD method


microscopy results


Richard Kelly:

Having shown that a procedure exists that can be used to meaningfully compare LD and IA data, let us explore an example of its use in LD suitability testing and method development.

Richard Kelly:

Having shown that a procedure exists that can be used to meaningfully compare LD and IA data, let us explore an example of its use in LD suitability testing and method development.

IMAGES OF ACICULAR PARTICLES + FINES

Richard Kelly:

Consider a particle system consisting of both acicular particles and fines. Let us for the purpose of this example imagine that it has been determined that to control product quality and/or manufacturability that monitoring of the fines is required.

The suitability question is whether LD can be applied in a QC lab for this purpose for this particle system.

Richard Kelly:

Consider a particle system consisting of both acicular particles and fines. Let us for the purpose of this example imagine that it has been determined that to control product quality and/or manufacturability that monitoring of the fines is required.

The suitability question is whether LD can be applied in a QC lab for this purpose for this particle system.

GRAPHICAL COMPARISON OF IMAGE ANALYSIS & LASER DIFFRACTION DATA

ACICULAR PARTICLES + SPHERICAL FINES

COMPARISON OF IMAGE ANALYSIS & COULTER LD DATAACICULAR PARTICLES + FINES

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

SIZE (Microns)

AR

EA/N

UM

BER

FR

AC

TIO

N

Area Fraction vs Longest Dimension Area Fraction vs Breadth Area Fraction vs Area Equiv. Diameter

Coulter Volume Data Coulter Number Data Corrected Coulter Volume

Area Fraction VS Longest Dimension AR>2 Area Fraction vs Longest Dimension AR<=2 Area Fraction vs Breadth AR > 2

Area Fraction vs Breadth AR <=2 Area Fraction vs Longest Dimension (> 30 microns)

Richard Kelly:

Obtaining the IA and LD data and plotting the data as previously described, it is seen that in this case the LD data does not follow the IA breadth data for the entire particle population. Instead it is observed that the LD data follows the breadth line for only the acicular particles (aspect ratio greater than 2) up to almost 40% by area.

This is actually to be expected in as much as LD intensity is proportional to the square of the cross sectional area of the particle. Therefore, the breadth contribution from the acicular particles renders the contribution from the fines statistically insignificant.

Richard Kelly:

Obtaining the IA and LD data and plotting the data as previously described, it is seen that in this case the LD data does not follow the IA breadth data for the entire particle population. Instead it is observed that the LD data follows the breadth line for only the acicular particles (aspect ratio greater than 2) up to almost 40% by area.

This is actually to be expected in as much as LD intensity is proportional to the square of the cross sectional area of the particle. Therefore, the breadth contribution from the acicular particles renders the contribution from the fines statistically insignificant.

ANOTHER TRIP TO MICHAELS

Richard Kelly:

To provide some supporting evidence to the previous statements, let’s make another trip to Michaels.

Richard Kelly:

To provide some supporting evidence to the previous statements, let’s make another trip to Michaels.

Richard Kelly:

2.5 mm spheres and 4.5 mm x 2.5 mm rods were purchased.

Samples were prepared in which the weight contribution of the rods varied from 0% to 100%.

These samples were again analyzed using the R8 configured Sympatec LD system.

Richard Kelly:

2.5 mm spheres and 4.5 mm x 2.5 mm rods were purchased.

Samples were prepared in which the weight contribution of the rods varied from 0% to 100%.

These samples were again analyzed using the R8 configured Sympatec LD system.

Sym patec G m bHSystem -Partikel-Technik

H E L O S P artic le S ize A na lysisW IN D O X 4

H E L O S ( H 1 4 6 3 ) & G R A D I S , R 8 : 0 . 5 / 4 5 . . . 8 7 5 0 µ m 1 1 / 1 2 / 2 0 0 3 , 1 1 : 0 6 : 3 7 A M , 3 4 3 0

J & J t e s t x 1 0 = 2 2 3 4 . 3 8 µ m x 5 0 = 3 7 3 0 . 6 3 µ m x 9 0 = 5 2 6 1 . 9 8 µ m V M D = 3 7 3 9 . 1 9 µ m x 1 6 = 2 4 0 9 . 8 8 µ m x 8 4 = 5 0 0 7 . 9 4 µ m x 9 9 = 6 0 6 1 . 2 0 µ m D u r a t i o n 1 . 0 1 C o p t = 2 . 8 6 % L o t # : 1 1 A

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

cumulati

ve distrib

ution Q

3(x) / %

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

density

distribut

ion q3lg

(x)

1010 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000particle size / µm

c o m m e n t : u s e r p a r a m e t e r s : F e e d c h u t e " g r a t i s " l a b l e f a c i n g r i g h t . U s e r : J L H L o t # : 1 1 A

Richard Kelly:

Presented is the LD volume-weighted probability distribution graph obtained from the measurement of the rods

Richard Kelly:

Presented is the LD volume-weighted probability distribution graph obtained from the measurement of the rods

Sym patec G m bHSystem -Partikel-Technik

H E L O S P artic le S ize A na lysisW IN D O X 4

H E L O S ( H 1 4 6 3 ) & G R A D I S , R 8 : 0 . 5 / 4 5 . . . 8 7 5 0 µ m 1 1 / 1 2 / 2 0 0 3 , 1 1 : 5 9 : 5 5 A M , 1 8 7 0

J & J t e s t x 1 0 = 2 0 5 8 . 5 0 µ m x 5 0 = 2 4 7 8 . 7 6 µ m x 9 0 = 2 9 3 0 . 7 8 µ m V M D = 2 4 7 2 . 6 0 µ m x 1 6 = 2 1 7 8 . 3 0 µ m x 8 4 = 2 8 5 9 . 2 4 µ m x 9 9 = 3 0 3 8 . 0 8 µ m D u r a t i o n 0 . 6 1 C o p t = 3 . 8 6 % L o t # : 1 A

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

cumulati

ve distrib

ution Q

3(x) / %

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

density

distribut

ion q3lg

(x)

1010 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000particle size / µm

c o m m e n t : u s e r p a r a m e t e r s : F e e d c h u t e " g r a t i s " l a b l e f a c i n g r i g h t . U s e r : J L H L o t # : 1 A

Richard Kelly:

And this graph presents the results from the measurement of the spheres

Richard Kelly:

And this graph presents the results from the measurement of the spheres

MIXTURE RESULTS4.5mm RODS / 2.5 mm BEADS

012 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 9899100012 5 10 25 50

75 90 959899

100

012 5 10

25 50

7590

959899100

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

% 4.5 mm RODS

Size

(mic

rons

)

d10

d50

d90

LASER DIFFRACTION RESULTS

CYLINDER/SPHERE W/W% MIXTURES

Richard Kelly:

Three measurements of each weight percent mixture were analyzed. The results were averaged and plotted resulting in this graph which presents the average d10, d50, and d90 values for each combination. The leveling effect is clearly seen as the d10 and d50 lines have close to 0 slope values over almost the entire measurement range. Only the d90 value is seen to be sensitive to the change, but only after exceeding the limit of detection of large particles in the presence in fines which in this case was close to 10% by weight.

The reason often stated for the choice of LD as the PSA measurement technique is the techniques reproducibility. Last summer at the AAPS workshop, a presentation was given on the development of a LD method for a particle system characterized by an average aspect ratio of 10:1. In this presentation a table of IA and LD data was presented containing the measurement results for different lots. It was noted that the LD data was more reproducible and so LD was chosen as the measurement technique. From the graph shown here, I believe it appropriate to ask whether the LD data just indicated the inability to differentiate between samples with real size differences.

Richard Kelly:

Three measurements of each weight percent mixture were analyzed. The results were averaged and plotted resulting in this graph which presents the average d10, d50, and d90 values for each combination. The leveling effect is clearly seen as the d10 and d50 lines have close to 0 slope values over almost the entire measurement range. Only the d90 value is seen to be sensitive to the change, but only after exceeding the limit of detection of large particles in the presence in fines which in this case was close to 10% by weight.

The reason often stated for the choice of LD as the PSA measurement technique is the techniques reproducibility. Last summer at the AAPS workshop, a presentation was given on the development of a LD method for a particle system characterized by an average aspect ratio of 10:1. In this presentation a table of IA and LD data was presented containing the measurement results for different lots. It was noted that the LD data was more reproducible and so LD was chosen as the measurement technique. From the graph shown here, I believe it appropriate to ask whether the LD data just indicated the inability to differentiate between samples with real size differences.

MIXTURE RESULTS 4.5mm CYLINDERS / 2.5 mm SPHERES

% Rods AVERAGE VALUES % Change d10 d50 d90 d10 d50 d90

0 2046 2491 2935 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 2091 2511 2940 2.20 0.80 0.17 2 2050 2506 2944 0.20 0.60 0.31 5 2077 2505 2939 1.52 0.56 0.14 10 2076 2527 2960 1.47 1.44 0.85 25 2056 2565 3485 0.49 2.97 18.74 50 2072 2617 3657 1.27 5.06 24.60 75 2149 2850 4290 5.03 14.41 46.17 90 2141 2979 4577 4.64 19.59 55.94 95 2174 3089 4773 6.26 24.01 62.62 98 2118 2875 4481 3.52 15.42 52.67 99 2153 3070 4874 5.23 23.24 66.06

100 2218 3532 5173 8.41 41.79 76.25

Richard Kelly:

This table is a numerical comparison of the results. From these data it is seen that the d10 value barely rose above a total of 6% difference from the starting value, that the d50 value did not rise above 5% difference from the starting value until the rods were present in excess of 50% by weight, and again that the d90 values were sensitive to the change only after the limit of detection of ca. 10% by weight had been exceeded.

Richard Kelly:

This table is a numerical comparison of the results. From these data it is seen that the d10 value barely rose above a total of 6% difference from the starting value, that the d50 value did not rise above 5% difference from the starting value until the rods were present in excess of 50% by weight, and again that the d90 values were sensitive to the change only after the limit of detection of ca. 10% by weight had been exceeded.

FDA SCIENCE POSTER FEB 2001COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMON PARTICLE SIZING

TECHNIQUES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL POWDERSH.R. Prasanna, E.H. Jefferson, J.S. Taylor, A.S. Hussain, R.F. Karuhn, R.C. Lyon

Richard Kelly:

The FDA is aware of this limitation of LD. The FDA conducted research into the extent of comparability of various common particle size analysis techniques. The sample chosen was nitrofurantoin. It was chosen because of its acicular morphology and because it contained significant fines.

In the poster they presented in Feb 2001 they concluded that

Richard Kelly:

The FDA is aware of this limitation of LD. The FDA conducted research into the extent of comparability of various common particle size analysis techniques. The sample chosen was nitrofurantoin. It was chosen because of its acicular morphology and because it contained significant fines.

In the poster they presented in Feb 2001 they concluded that

FDA SCIENCE POSTER FEB 2001COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMON PARTICLE SIZING

TECHNIQUES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL POWDERSH.R. Prasanna, E.H. Jefferson, J.S. Taylor, A.S. Hussain, R.F. Karuhn, R.C. Lyon

Richard Kelly:

“The large population of fine particles was only detected by the particle counting techniques (image analysis and light obscuration) and not by the ensemble technique (laser diffraction).

Richard Kelly:

“The large population of fine particles was only detected by the particle counting techniques (image analysis and light obscuration) and not by the ensemble technique (laser diffraction).

EXERPT FROM MAY 2003 AAPS PSWS SPEECH GIVEN BY BRIAN SCARLETT

The control of an existing product or process requires less stringency than the design of a new product or process. For control, the minimum requirement is that the instrument should be reproducible. Practically, this means that the instrument variance is much less than the sample variance. The more vital requirement is that the instrument should be sensitive to those changes in the particle size distribution which cause a change in the product properties. There is no virtue in an instrument being very reproducible if it is so insensitive so that it does not detect the relevant changes. The accuracy of the measurement is more difficult to achieve since it concerns the actual size of the particles and there arises the question of definition. Nevertheless, in product design, and consequently also process design, the actual size of the particles may be crucial. If the particles must actually match the size of a capillary or pore in the body, then an arbitrary scale of measurement is insufficient and the question of what is to be measured must be addressed.

Richard Kelly:

Therefore, in the case presented of acicular particles in the presence of fines we might conclude that LD would not be the particle size analysis technique of choice. In this case we would recall Dr. Brian Scarlett’s words that for product quality control and manufacturability that “The more vital requirement is that the instrument should be sensitive to those changes in the particle size distribution which causes a change in the product properties. There is no virtue in an instrument being very reproducible if it is so insensitive so that it does not detect the relevant changes”.

It is also to be noted that Dr. Scarlett directly rebutted the popular false mantra “Accuracy does not matter.”

Richard Kelly:

Therefore, in the case presented of acicular particles in the presence of fines we might conclude that LD would not be the particle size analysis technique of choice. In this case we would recall Dr. Brian Scarlett’s words that for product quality control and manufacturability that “The more vital requirement is that the instrument should be sensitive to those changes in the particle size distribution which causes a change in the product properties. There is no virtue in an instrument being very reproducible if it is so insensitive so that it does not detect the relevant changes”.

It is also to be noted that Dr. Scarlett directly rebutted the popular false mantra “Accuracy does not matter.”

DARK AGE: PRIMARY MOTIVATIONAL FORCE

Richard Kelly:

Findings such as these might be considered by the true analytical scientist as photons of the light of reason and gladly accepted as further aid in finding ones way to truth. However, those that love the dark hate the light. So, many LD devotees see these findings as possibly being part of the content of a Pandora’s box . As we know fear is one of the primary forces in a dark age and LD devotees fear that these findings might disrupt their unchecked use of their favorite particle size analysis technique.

Richard Kelly:

Findings such as these might be considered by the true analytical scientist as photons of the light of reason and gladly accepted as further aid in finding ones way to truth. However, those that love the dark hate the light. So, many LD devotees see these findings as possibly being part of the content of a Pandora’s box . As we know fear is one of the primary forces in a dark age and LD devotees fear that these findings might disrupt their unchecked use of their favorite particle size analysis technique.

POPULAR CROSS VALIDATION STRATEGY WITHIN

THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Richard Kelly:

This fear reinforces no see, no hear, no speak evil behavior making the drafting of truly useful guidance documents difficult if not impossible.

Richard Kelly:

This fear reinforces no see, no hear, no speak evil behavior making the drafting of truly useful guidance documents difficult if not impossible.

LD: LIMIT OF DETECTION

Richard Kelly:

From personal experience I can tell you that well intentioned individuals have attempted to have findings such as those discussed today included in some useful fashion into guidance documents. For instance, David Driscoll of the Beth Israel, Deaconess hospital of the Harvard Medical School found that the LD limit of detection weakness could actually put patients at risk of death if LD were used in a QA environment for the monitoring of IV lipid emulsions. Therefore, an attempt was made to have such information included in a guidance document. Shortly before the document was to be presented for approval, the LD forces rose up and scrubbed the document clean of any statement that might cause the unchecked use of LD to be questioned.

A good guidance document, recognizing the widespread use of LD, should make it very clear what the “actual” versus “advertised” operating principles of this technique are and present some form of prescription for a rational procedure by which the decision as to whether LD is a suitable technique for the problem at hand is to be made. The mistakes of the European position paper on LD method development should not be repeated.

As mature scientists we should be willing to admit what is fact and what is but the lingering remnant of the LD fairy tale.

Richard Kelly:

From personal experience I can tell you that well intentioned individuals have attempted to have findings such as those discussed today included in some useful fashion into guidance documents. For instance, David Driscoll of the Beth Israel, Deaconess hospital of the Harvard Medical School found that the LD limit of detection weakness could actually put patients at risk of death if LD were used in a QA environment for the monitoring of IV lipid emulsions. Therefore, an attempt was made to have such information included in a guidance document. Shortly before the document was to be presented for approval, the LD forces rose up and scrubbed the document clean of any statement that might cause the unchecked use of LD to be questioned.

A good guidance document, recognizing the widespread use of LD, should make it very clear what the “actual” versus “advertised” operating principles of this technique are and present some form of prescription for a rational procedure by which the decision as to whether LD is a suitable technique for the problem at hand is to be made. The mistakes of the European position paper on LD method development should not be repeated.

As mature scientists we should be willing to admit what is fact and what is but the lingering remnant of the LD fairy tale.

QUIZRichard Kelly:

Let’s see whether I have been successful as a teacher. Let’s take the “TRUE/FALSE Quiz”.

Richard Kelly:

Let’s see whether I have been successful as a teacher. Let’s take the “TRUE/FALSE Quiz”.

<429> LIGHT DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZEPHARMACOPEIAL FORUMVOL. 29(4) [July-Aug. 2003

Light diffraction is one of the most widely used techniques for measuring the size of a wide range of particles from very fine to very coarse. The method is popular because it is quick and easy to use, flexible, and it can be adapted to measure samples in various physical forms. The method depends on the analysis of the diffraction pattern produced when particles are exposed to a collimated beam of light. As the patterns are characteristic of the particle size, mathematical analysis can produce an accurate, repeatable picture of the size distribution.

Question 1: (True or False)Richard Kelly:

This quiz consists of a review of statements extracted from an article from the Pharmacopeial Forum Volume 29 (4) 2003.

1. True/False

Richard Kelly:

This quiz consists of a review of statements extracted from an article from the Pharmacopeial Forum Volume 29 (4) 2003.

1. True/False

FALSEA

L

S

E

1. N. GABAS ET. AL.

2. E. DAN HIRLEMAN, ET. AL.

3. B. SCARLETT, ET. AL.

4. R. KELLY, E. STRANZL, K. ALLEN

S demonstrated by the work of:

FALSE:A

L

S

E

CCURACY DOES NOT MATTER!NOT IN AGREEMENT WITH POPULAR MANTRA


For non-spherical particles, an equivalent-sphere size distribution is obtained because the technique uses the assumption of spherical particles in its optical model.

Question 2: (True or False)

FALSEA

L

S

E


1. N. GABAS ET. AL.

2. E. DAN HIRLEMAN, ET. AL.

3. B. SCARLETT, ET. AL.

4. R. KELLY, E. STRANZL, K. ALLEN

429> LIGHT DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZEPHARMACOPEIAL FORUMVOL. 29(4) [July-Aug. 2003

It is assumed that the recorded scattering pattern of the particle ensemble is identical to the sum of the patterns from all individual single scattering particles presented in random relative positions.


FALSEA

L

S

E


R. KELLY, E. STRANZL, K. ALLEN


System Suitability

The system suitability test is used to verify that the precision and accuracy are adequate for the analysis to be done. The test is based on the concept that the equipment, electronics, and analytical operations constitute an integral system that can be evaluated as such. This can be done by measuring at regular intervals a control material of known size distribution. In general, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph, the mean values of three measurements must deviate from the established value by less than 10% for x50, and by less than 15% for x10 and x90. Above 10 um, these maximum values are doubled.


FALSEA

L

S

E

CCORDING TO MOST

ASER DIFRACTION PSA

UPPORTERS

MPHATICALLY!!!!!!!!!

FALSEA

L

S

E

CCURACY DOES NOT MATTER!Accuracy expresses the closeness of agreement between the value which is accepted either as a conventional true value or an accepted reference value and the value found. However, with particle size methods, accuracy cannot be measured because there is no “true” particle size value to compare against and image analysis data cannot be utilized as a reliable standard because the actual measurements are of different physical properties of the particles.


FALSEA

L

S

E

CCURACY DOES NOT MATTER!Different particle size results obtained through various methods are equally accurate, but each method might be expressing the results in different terms, different properties of the particles are being measured.

As in the case of this study, if one is more interested in developing profiles of lot-to-lot variability, then the use of any of the available methods that yields “correct” results is appropriate; where a “correct” method is defined as one whose sample was obtained by an appropriate sampling procedure, in which the sample was prepared properly and introduced into the instrument, and in which all instrumental parameters were used correctly for the analysis.


INTERPRETATION OF PARTICLE SIZE REPORTED BYDIFFERENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUESPaul A. Webb, Micromeritics Instrument Corp.

Provided that the instruments used are capable of producing high-quality data, the pertinent questions, then, are, “was the sample properly prepared and properly presented to the instrument,” and “were the analytical parameters applied correctly”. If the answer to both is “yes”, then both analytical results probably are equally correct; they are just expressed in different terms.When comparing the results from two different types of sizing instruments, one should know if any characteristic of the particle other than size, or any characteristic of the sample presentation could effect the reported size value. Error from these sources is associated with non-ideal or even inappropriate application of the measuring instrument.What are the effects if the sample particles are not spherical? .. “the effect may be negligible or may be severe, and often cannot be predicated reliably.”What are the effects of assumption deviations?..The effect on the reported data ranges from negligible to catastrophic.

MANTRA A CORRUPTION OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:



Procedure. Detailed description of the proposed technique is required. This should include a section on why the technique is suitable (posibly including a brief microscopic evaluation), equivalent to a ‘suitability assessment’ or a ‘fitness for use’ statementAccuracy. It is questionable whether this is applicable for particle sizing, which may not have a right answer, in comparison with a chromatography (HPLC) technique, for example, which does-at least theoretically. For sample characterization, the analysis required is likely to vary in different situations, for example, agglomerates or primary particles, and number or volume analyses. Accuracy may be more appropriately viewed as calibration or verification of the technique, to a defined and traceable physical standard. Calibration, however, is common to all analytical procedures and is not part of method validation. The examination of the sample to be tested, by microscopy (qualitative not quantitative), should verify whether the technique is suitable for analysis of the sample and, in many cases, whether it is the best assessment of accuracy.

(Note the detailed procedure suggested for making the determination of “suitability” based on the collected microscopy data!

……Maybe there is room for improvement here!!!)



NON-POSITION PAPER

GET THE WORD AROUND!!

Richard Kelly:

AS can be seen, it is not to be expected that documents authored by representatives of the pharmaceutical industry will free themselves of all elements of the laser diffraction fairy tale any time soon. So, how is this message to be circulated….Well, one thought of mine is shown here. I had a lot of jewelry and craft supplies remaining after my experiments. Knowing that my message would not necessarily be effective in preventing lapses of memory when even those that had sat through presentations such as this one were forced to discuss particle size analysis, I thought maybe, just maybe if I made bracelets like the one shown, that individuals feeling themselves falling again under the enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale could look down and gather the strength to again bind themselves to the mast of reason and in this way I could prevent them from becoming well picked carcasses on the isle of the sirens of false advertising claims.

Richard Kelly:

AS can be seen, it is not to be expected that documents authored by representatives of the pharmaceutical industry will free themselves of all elements of the laser diffraction fairy tale any time soon. So, how is this message to be circulated….Well, one thought of mine is shown here. I had a lot of jewelry and craft supplies remaining after my experiments. Knowing that my message would not necessarily be effective in preventing lapses of memory when even those that had sat through presentations such as this one were forced to discuss particle size analysis, I thought maybe, just maybe if I made bracelets like the one shown, that individuals feeling themselves falling again under the enchantment of the laser diffraction fairy tale could look down and gather the strength to again bind themselves to the mast of reason and in this way I could prevent them from becoming well picked carcasses on the isle of the sirens of false advertising claims.

CONCLUSIONS

IMAGE ANALYSIS AND LD DATA CAN BE MEANINGFULLY COMPARED

LD CAN BE APPROPRIATELY USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF QA EQUIVALENCY MONITORING

Richard Kelly:

With this I conclude my presentation.

Please recall that the purpose of this presentation was not to bash laser diffractometry. As an image analyst I want to have a technique that I can use to cross validate my results and vice-a-versa as a LD analyst I want a means of cross validating (verifying) my LD results.

I hope I have shown that this can only be achieved if we are willing to remove our hands from our eyes, mouth, and ears and applaud the efforts of those who are willing to search for real solutions.

Richard Kelly:

With this I conclude my presentation.

Please recall that the purpose of this presentation was not to bash laser diffractometry. As an image analyst I want to have a technique that I can use to cross validate my results and vice-a-versa as a LD analyst I want a means of cross validating (verifying) my LD results.

I hope I have shown that this can only be achieved if we are willing to remove our hands from our eyes, mouth, and ears and applaud the efforts of those who are willing to search for real solutions.

TRUE HEROS

JJPRD MANAGEMENT

FORMER PENN STATE CO-OPS

KIM ALLEN

JACKIE KAZANJIAN

ELLIOTT STRANZL

Special Thanks to:Joe Wolfgang - SympatecJon Hilden - Bristol Meyers SquibbBeth A. Sarsfield - Bristol Meyers Squibb

Richard Kelly:

At this time I want to put my hands together to applaud JJPRD management who funded the co-op program that allowed this work to be conducted over a two year period. I want to applaud the efforts of my former Penn State co-ops. And special applause to Joe Wolgang of Sympatec for directing me to Sympatec customers who were willing to allow me to run my Jewelry & Craft samples through their LD system. And of course special thanks to Jon Hilden and Beth Sarsfield of BMS who assisted me in running the Sympatec experiments.

And I applaud each of you for having the patience to listen to this presentation.

Thank you!!!!!

Richard Kelly:

At this time I want to put my hands together to applaud JJPRD management who funded the co-op program that allowed this work to be conducted over a two year period. I want to applaud the efforts of my former Penn State co-ops. And special applause to Joe Wolgang of Sympatec for directing me to Sympatec customers who were willing to allow me to run my Jewelry & Craft samples through their LD system. And of course special thanks to Jon Hilden and Beth Sarsfield of BMS who assisted me in running the Sympatec experiments.

And I applaud each of you for having the patience to listen to this presentation.

Thank you!!!!!

IMAGE ANALYSIS

What is it?

What are its weaknesses?

What are its strengths?

Image Analysis - Definition

Image Analysis - Definition

Computer-assisted microscopy

– Prepare microscope slide of dispersed sample– Acquire photos– Measure particles– Perform statistical analysis

Particle Segmentation

Your image as it comes from the microscope needs to be prepared before its features can be analyzed. The PGT Image Display itself can start the process with its easy-to-use Histogram Binary Threshold function, but what if there are other problems? The Particle Segmentation program includes features for noise removal and hole filling. And what if the particles touch? Feature Analysis would consider such particles as one feature. That's where artificial intelligence shines. The segmentation part of this program keeps "in mind" each step as it recursively applies shrink/split/regrow operations until there is a split. And it does so in within a few minutes, even when there are many particles.

.

IMAGE ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS

IMAGE ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS

STATISTICAL PARAMETER

MEASUREMENT VALUE (Longest Dimension-m)

Sample ID 656-42-1B

Pooled Data Trials 1-2

19376-86B1 19376-120A 656-32-4


19376-96A

Magnification 100X 100X 40X 40X 40X

Mean 5.28 10.97 29.80 31.19 80.18

Std Dev. 2.35 9.78 28.42 33.83 78.54

*Minimum 1.94 1.94 4.91 4.91 4.91

Maximum 20.78 71.00 198.77 227.40 426.37

15% 3.14 2.90 7.96 7.30 9.82

30% 3.87 3.87 12.18 9.93 17.78

50% 4.81 7.62 19.87 15.91 55.01

70% 5.87 13.36 34.11 30.93 104.41

85% 7.32 20.18 51.78 66.08 164.27

90% 8.22 23.30 64.35 83.49 196.52

95% 9.48 30.69 88.85 104.19 244.26

99% 13.43 44.62 148.77 143.62 322.15

# Features 968 1333 1119 1207 319

TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF IMAGE ANALYSIS RESULTSLONGEST DIMENSION BASED RESULTS

SCIO 323: HCL SAMPLES: (656-42-1B, 19376-86B1) FREE BASE SAMPLES: (19376-120A, 656-32-4, 19376-96A)

IMAGE ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTNUMBER PROBABILITY

IMAGE ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTAREA PROBABILITY

AREA %

Sample ID

Range (Longest Dimension-microns)

A B C D E

A B C D E 656-42-1B


19376-86B1 19376-120A 656-32-4


19376-96A

20-18 70-63 200-180 300-270 500-450 3.99 3.87 6.77 0.00 0.00

18-16 63-56 180-160 270-240 450-400 0.58 0.00 5.65 0.00 3.45

16-14 56-49 160-140 240-210 400-350 0.67 5.79 2.78 1.16 4.26

14-12 49-42 140-120 210-180 350-300 5.41 8.26 7.74 5.46 4.40

12-10 42-35 120-100 180-150 300-250 8.22 15.01 9.11 1.71 18.93

10- 8 35-28 100- 80 150-120 250-200 14.73 9.27 15.20 15.02 20.72

8- 6 28-21 80- 60 120- 90 200-150 26.81 19.32 14.55 27.95 18.31

6- 4 21-14 60- 40 90- 60 150-100 29.92 21.61 18.04 24.18 18.54

4- 2 14- 7 40- 20 60- 30 100- 50 9.56 13.47 15.28 15.24 9.86

2- 0 7- 0 20- 0 30- 0 50- 0 0.10 3.41 4.88 9.28 1.53

TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS RESULTSAREA % VERSUS LONGEST DIMENSIONSCIO 323: HCL SAMPLES: (656-42-1B, 19376-86B1)

FREE BASE SAMPLES: (19376-120A, 656-32-4, 19376-96A)

FALSESURFACE AREA = VOLUMEX

Image Analysis - Strengths

Limit of Detection – Multi-modal Samples

Ease of Result Interpretation/Verification

Multiple Direct, Discrete Measurements

Morphological Characterization

Digital Image Processing Operations

Imaging Modes

Analysis f(shape, size, color, intensity, etc)

Direct Measurement of ## Sample Types

Image Analysis – Weaknesses

Sample size

Reproducibility

Analysis time

Laser Diffraction Instruments: General Information, Capabilities and Limitations

Size Range: Typically about 0.04 um to 8000 um (limits vary for different instruments)

Specimen Type: Powders dispersed in suspension. Some instruments are designed for dry powder specimens.

Operating mode: Usually off-line_ but some instruments have accessories to enable, or are designed for, on-line use.

Ease of operation: Relatively simple. Some understanding of basic principles and algorithm design is required.

Sources of Error and Variations: Can arise during sampling, specimen preparation, instrument set-up and operation, and user dependent.

Significant variations in calclculation algorithms.

Strengths: Rapid analysis. Relatively simple specimen preparation. Some instruments can be used for both dry powders and powders in suspension. Some instruments can be used on-line and off-line. Relatively inexpensive. Do not require highly skilled operators.

Laser Diffraction Instruments: General Information, Capabilities and Limitations

Limitations: Instrument performance and operation is highly dependent on

instrument design (e.g., laser sources of different wavelengths, differing

number and positions of detectors).

Given the above reason, comparison of results from different instruments may

be misleading.

May require a precise knowledge of optical properties of specimen.

Cannot distinguish between dispersed particles and agglomerates.

Significant error and bias may be introduced in the particle size distribution

results, if powder particle shapes deviate from spherical configurations.

Instrument design preclude analysis of concentrated suspensions.

FALSEIF PARTICLE SHAPE NOT SPHERICAL, THEN

xLD PSA RESULTS = CORRECT / ACCURATE


Sample ID 656-42-113Pooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-86B1 19376-120A 656-32-4Pooled Data

Trials 1-2

19376-96A

Mean 5.28 10.97 29.80 31.19 80.18

Std Dev. 2.35 9.78 28.42 33.83 78.54

Maximum 20.78 71.00 198.77 227.40 426.37

d15 3.14 2.90 7.96 7.30 9.82

d50 4.81 7.62 19.87 15.91 55.01

d90 8.22 23.30 64.35 83.49 196.52


d10 4.02 10.42 26.70 31.42 92.95

d50 6.78 25.17 76.22 91.40 204.25

d90 12.24 48.71 168.57 146.66 323.98


d10 0.84 9.91 23.62 26.06 38.70

d50 2.70 27.66 54.40 56.99 108.60

d90 8.17 47.50 127.20 119.80 269.60

JJPRD LD RANDOMIZATION RESULTSR.Kelly, E. Stranzl, K. Allen

Spring House, Pa.

This data was collected using 0.7 centistoke silicon oil and 90% pump speed. Under turbulent flow conditions, there is only one distinct peak corresponding to the minor chord (breadth).

This data was collected using 50 centistoke silicon oil and 50% pump speed. Under less turbulent flow conditions, there are two distinct peaks, corresponding to the minor chord (breadth) and the major chord (longest dimension).


Spring House, Pa.

**Viscoscity Mean **Viscoscity Mean **Viscoscity Mean0.7 192.00 0.7 188.50 0.7 184.901 225.80 1 193.80 1 188.205 262.90 5 238.40 5 214.10

10 240.50 10 269.00 10 232.4020 227.60 20 250.30 20 249.9050 215.40 50 240.50 50 237.70

100 200.70 100 224.90 100 227.80200 196.60 200 230.80 200 225.30

50% Pump Speed10% Pump Speed 90% Pump Speed

The results of laser diffraction are dependent on the viscosity of the dispersant and the pump speed.

The mean for each pump speed is the average of two measurements.

*Data were compiled by former Penn State co-op student, Elliot Stranzl.

** These data represent kinematic viscosity, which is measured in centistokes


Spring House, Pa.

Viscosity vs Mean

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-5 45 95 145 195 245

Viscosity (centistokes)

Mea

n (m

icro

ns)

50% Pump Speed 10% Pump Speed 90% Pump Speed


Spring House, Pa.

Viscosity vs Mean

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

0 5 10Viscosity (centistokes)

Mea

n (m

icro

ns)


Recommended Max.


Spring House, Pa.


Spring House, Pa.

ALTERNATE EXPLANATION:LIMIT OF DETECTION


Spring House, Pa.

Viscosity vs Mean

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

0 5 10Viscosity (centistokes)

Mea

n (m

icro

ns)


Recommended Max.