The Magic of it.

By: Lina Rose Tiongson

This root word psych psych is defined as “soul” in Greek

OlogyOlogy is the study of. Psychology is both an applied and academic

field that studies the human mind and behavior. Psychology was evolved from both biology and

philosophy

Known as the “Father of Psychology” 1879 established the first experimental psychology

lab. Used mental chronometry Introspection Structuralism

“We learn about our minds from casual, haphazard self-observation…It is essential that observations be made by trained observes under carefully specified conditions for the purpose of answering a well-defined questions” –Wundt, 1904

Science Goals:2. Describe3. Explain4. Predict5. Control

Psychological studies are highly structured, beginning with a hypothesis that is then empirically tested.

Research Method Cost the research Internal validity/experimental control

minimizing the influence of extraneous variables External validity/Generalizability

Population is not ALL people.

Correlation  Positive correlation: variables are moving in the same direction

_Heavy people weighing more _Relationship

Negative correlation: Opposite directions_Higher G.P.A and Social Life _Income and Family Time

He was known to be the “father of the psychoanalysis

Freud had strong feelings for many things such as:- Unconscious wish fulfilling - He took basic ideas and spun it into science.- He believed we are all born primitive.

Id: primitive & unconsciousId: primitive & unconscious2.2. Pleasure principlePleasure principle

Ego: reality principleEgo: reality principle5.5. Delay gratificationDelay gratification

Superego: moral ideal of societySuperego: moral ideal of society

Freud believed that the Id was the most dominant. Freud believed that the Id was the most dominant.

Sigmund Freud was the founder of the Psychodynamic School

Psychodynamics also known as “dynamic psychology “is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality, or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional, or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level and based on the assumption that an individual's total personality and reactions at any given time are the product of the interaction between his genetic constitution and his environment. (Wikipedia.org)

Two of his students were Carl Jung & Karen Horney

Carl Jung Although Jung was one of Freud’s favorite student, Jung

believed that Freud had something wrong with his theory, the unconscious.

He believed that the unconscious was capable of being controlled by inspiration, that the “collective unconscious” symbolizes a large emotional component.

Explanation to why people behave the way they do.

Karen Horney Became one of the most popular psychiatrist and was the

first of her gender to present a paper regarding feminine psychiatry.

She takes Freud’s whole theory and admits he’s right except men develop womb envy

Psych comes from the mind and Sexual comes from creation

Libido: Psychic energy Close energy system Energy cannot be destroyed

Defense Mechanism: used to protest ego from harm caused by the Id’s wishes.

Freud example was repression; unconscious exclusion from memory.

Libido is focused (Body)

Oral stage (0-1 yrs old) Mouth Anal stage (1-2 yrs) control Phaulic stage (3-6yrs) Penis Power Latency period (6-12yrs) Libido is latent (hidden) Genital stage (12 yrs-up) Puberty

Boys GirlsOedipus complex Elektra complexSoul & foot Penis envyBoy longs for mom Girl longs for dad

Discovers the difference between men & womenSource of super-ego

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist studied digestions and dogs and discovered what is known to be “classical conditioning”

Classical condition is a technique used in behavioral trainingc) A naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response.d) a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.e) Eventually, the previous neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response

without the presence of naturally occurring stimulus.

Ex:

James B. Watson Father of Behaviorism “Little Albert” Studied the adjustment of organisms to their

environments, more specifically the particular stimuli leading organisms to make their responses.

Example on FEARLoud noise startle White rat + loud noise startle White rat startle

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” –Watson, 1930

Edward Thorndike Law of effects: behaviors that help an organism

achieve its goal are strengthened. Only the “fit” behavior survives. Operant conditioning Sometimes it is known as “instrumental conditioning” A method that occurs through reward and punishment. Through operant conditioning an association is made

between a behavior and a consequence. Reinforcement

+ Apply as a desire stimulus- remove or avoid an aversive stimulus (Ex: avoiding loud noises)

Punishment+apply an assertive stimulus- removing or avoiding desire stimulus (Ex: taking away something important from you)

Punishment should be immediate Punishment must be consistent Punishment should be explained

Desire Assertive + Positive reinforcement Positive punishment

- Negative punishment Negative reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcementReward ratio (behavior) Interval (time)

Fixed FR FI (stable ready for respond)

Variable VR (reinforce on average; acting) VI (mail; respond)

Theodor and Simon BinetAsk to develop a test to identify slow learners10. Mental age11. Simple questions to complex questions

Stern Convert Binet to a ratio He takes mental age, he divides mental age to chronological age, and

multiplies it by 100 to determine IQ

The study of mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn.

Jean Piaget Well known for his work with children Theory of “cognitive development” “The great pioneer of constructivist theory of knowing” Was trained to give intelligence test Believes process is the answer Argues that intelligence is adaptation Accommodation: either we adjust or create new

SCHEMA

1. Assimilation- new information and force into the mind

3. Accommodation- cognitive development (discontinuous)

1. Sensorimotor (0-2yrs) Uses basic symbols, object performance.

awareness that an object exist even when it is out of sight

Stable

2. Preoperational (2-6yrs) Can’t undo their thinking. Wouldn’t be able to know that multiply backwards will

have the same results Lacks conservation Egocentric: unable to look at other peoples views

1. Concrete operation (6-11yrs) awareness of a substance stays the same even when its formed as changed

Develop conservation Use concept of time, space, and numbers Stop having imaginary friends

6. Formal operation (11yrs-up) Engage in hypothetical and ideological thinking Examine their thoughts better and becomes less

egocentric Break away from concrete objects

Tolman (1948) Latent learning: learning that occurs in the absence

of a reinforcer but is not behaviorally demonstrated until one is available

Rat developed a cognitive map

Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization.

Free will Personal responsibilities Opposite from Freud’s thought

Abraham Maslow In 1962, Abraham Maslow published

Toward a Psychology of Being, in which he described humanistic psychology as the “third force” in psychology.

People are born with innate predisposition to actualize their tendencies.

We have the potential to do something great.

Real self & ideal self People develop a need for congruence

between the real and the ideal. The further apart the more threaten and

anxious a person feels.

Analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Personality changed because of accident Personality (dependent variable) can change if the

brain (independent variable) is damaged. Understand brain = understand personality

Olds & Milner Discover the nucleus accumbency Reward CTR  Experienced rats Electrochemical communication

movement of charged particles Action potential Rapid reversal of a cell of a neuron potential.  Negative then comes back up.

Pre synaptic neurons is active Synaptic vesicle binds to the cell membrane and releases

the neurotransmitters(key) to the synapse Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor site; if it binds, it

actives ion channel.

Alcohol It works on neurotransmitter system called

Gaba (primary inhibitory) Inhibitory ion rushes negative system Alcohol will take the body in the

bloodstream Transports energy

Serotonin Modulates our emotional experience. Impacts sleep and energy level Unable to think Concentration Sensory perception Excitatory Marijuana

Canvas THC → ANANDAMINE (joy)

→Binds and Short term memory system

→Hippocampus (seahorse) Norepinephrine Intense / immediate arousal Excitatory Dopamine reward / concentration inhibitory excitatory

After it actives the ion channel, it recycles; reuptake Degradation (de-action) MAO

MAO-inhibitors Block MAO and increase neurotransmitter Numbers of side affects goes down

Stresses the importance of social norms and culture. Children should learn other people’s behaviors in

order to learn the values and norms of their society Stresses the importance of unique experiences in

family, school, community, etc.

Stanley Sue Known to be the “father of sociocultural

psycholog” Dr. Sue is a clinical psychologist whose research

interests include ethnic and cross-cultural influences on behavior. (psychology.ucdavis.edu)

Sociocultural psychologists emphasize that: Learning occurs in historically unique social and

cultural settings

Vygotsky Worked on ideas about cognitive development The unit of analysis is cultural practice