Fisheries Managementin Japan資源管理の原状

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Takashi Matsuishi, Ph. D.Associate Prof. Hokkaido Univ.

北海道大学大学院水産科学研究院 准教授 松石　隆

United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea 国際海洋法条約

• Since the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996 国際海洋法批准

• The scientific assessments of fishery stocks have been increasingly important.

• The Convention mandated the management of living resources in EEZ

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Management in the Convention

For the living resources in EEZCoastal nation should

–determine allowable catch–maintain– through proper conservation and

management measure– taking into account the best scientific

evidence available

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Japanese Fishery ManagementOutput Control• Total Allowable Catch (TAC)• Allowable Biological Catch (ABC)Input Control• Fishing Right / Fishing License• Fish Boat RegistrationImplementation• Community Based Fishery Management

– FCA member / Small Groups

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Procedure of TAC management in Japan

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Organizations concerning to fishery management

FA Fishery Agency 水産庁

A part of National GovernmentFRA Fisheries Research Agency 　水研

A Research Agency ordered from FA

FEC Fisheries Experimental Centre 　水試

Research Centre of Local Government

FCA Fishery Cooperative Association 　漁協

An association of fishers

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Outline

1. Data collection by FEC and FRA2. Stock assessment by FRA and determine

the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) 3. Determine the Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

by FA of Japan, and distribute the quota to various fisheries

4. Catch statistics are collected from FCA and archived in FA

5. If cumulative catch reaches to TAC, FA order to stop the fishing operation

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1. Data Collection

Target stocks– 44 species 76 stocks– Only for coastal stocks (excluding

international stocks such as salmon, tunas etc)

FEC Fisheries Experimental Centre– FEC in 46 prefectures– They collect catch statistics, length

composition, age composition, sex ratio, maturity, etc.

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2. Stock assessment / FRA• Stock assessment sheet;

• Basic biology and ecology of the stock • Current stock and fisheries status• Ecosystem consideration• Population Estimation

• Virtual Population Analysis• Acoustic Survey Analysis etc.

• Prediction of the future population dynamics

• Allowable Biological Catch ABC in the next year

• Researchers in Universities join as reviewers for determining the ABC

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3. Total Allowable Catch / FA

• Target stocks: 8 species 19 stocks• Determined based on ABC taking

into account the socio-economic considerations

• TAC sometimes exceeds ABC

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4. Catch statistics collection

• In Japan, almost all of the catch is landed at the port of FCA, weighted and auctioned by FCA.

• FCA collected the total weight of the TAC target fish everyday, and reported to FA via local government.

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5. Regulation

• Yearly total catch of the species should be under TAC.

• Fishery will be stopped by orders of FA when the total catch reaches to TAC.

• FCA and Fishers’ group voluntarily manage to avoid the stopping by reducing the fishing effort if necessary CBFM

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TAC Regulated Fish

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English Name 　標準和名 Scientific Name

Pacific saury サンマ Cololabis saira

Walleye Pollock 　スケトウダラ

Theragra chalcogramma

Horse mackerel 　マアジ Trachurus japonicus

Sardine 　マイワシ Sardinops melanostictus

Mackerel マサバ / Southern mackerel 　ゴマサバ

Scomber japonicus / Scomber australasicus

Japanese common flying squid 　スルメイカ

Todarodes pacificus

Snow crab 　ズワイガニ Chionoecetes opilio

Species under TAC regulation

ABC and TAC (2011)14

Species Name ABC(t) TAC(t) TAC/ABC

Saury 739,000423,000 57%

Pollock 230,400288,000 125%

Horse mackerel 205,000220,000 107%

Sardine 260,000209,000 80%

Mackerels 768,000717,000 93%

Flying squid 332,000297,000 89%

Snow crab 4,966 6,227 125%

ABCは再々評価値

TAC and Catch (2011)15

Species Name TAC(t) C(t) C/TAC

Saury 423,000208,000 49%

Pollock 288,000239,100 83%

Horse mackerel 220,000164,000 75%

Sardine 209,000175,000 84%

Mackerels 717,000413,000 58%

Flying squid 297,000209,000 70%

Snow crab 6,227 4,205 68%TAC:期中改訂後、漁期終了時の TAC

C:漁期終了時の漁獲量（確定値 )

ABC and Catch(2011)16

Species Name ABC(t) C(t) C/ABC

Saury 739,000 208,000 28%

Pollock 230,400 239,100 104%

Horse mackerel 205,000 164,000 80%

Sardine 260,000 175,000 67%

Mackerels 768,000 413,000 54%

Flying squid 332,000 209,000 63%

Snow crab 4,966 4,205 85%ABC:当初 ABCのうち TACに使用されたものC:漁期終了時の漁獲量（確定値）

Community Based Fishery ManagementCBFM

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Community / FCA

• Almost all fisher are belonging to a Fishery Cooperative Association (FCA)

• Function of FCA• Auctioning / Sales• Banking• Education / Expanding technology• Fishery Management

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Fishery Management by Community• FCA has fishers’ group by fishery• Each group make local rules by consensus to

make a sound fishery management.• Landing limit• Operation day / time• Protected area• Gears

• Local rule follows national wide regulation• Scientific data / advices are provided from

national / local government

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Advantage of CBFM

• Easy to implement the nation wide rule to local area.• Local Rule follows the nation wide rule• Local fisher just follow the local rule

• Based on the local situation / experience

• Flexible / Timely

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Basic Equation of Fishery

ΔBiomass ＝Recruitment+Growth

－ Catch － Natural Mortality

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Net Income ＝ Unit Price×Catch － Costs

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FIN