Lines of CodeUsers
1991 (ver0.01)100001
1992 (ver0.96)400001000
1993 (ver0.99)10000020000
1994 (ver1.0)170000100000
1995 (ver1.2)250000500000
1996 (ver2.0)4000001500000
1997 (ver2.1)8000003500000
1998 (ver 2.1.11)15000007500000
Introduction to:
Free Software, Open Source, GNU/Linux
About me
Name: Ahmed Mekkawy AKA linuxawy
Blog:http://www.linuxawy.org
Email:[email protected]
Proffesional career:SysAdmins Team Leader in eSpace
(http://espace.com.eg).
FOSS world:Member of Admins team of EGLUG
Background & Experience:Graduated 2001 Faculty of
Engineering, Alex University.
About EGLUG
Egypt Gnu/Linux Users Group.
We are an unofficial group of Egyptian volunteers gathered about
believing in Free Software Philosophy and Open Source Model, and
the love of Gnu/Linux OS.
We aim to serve the Egyptian FOSS comnunity and promote using
FOSS in Egypt.
http://eglug.org
#eglug @ irc.freenode.net
GNU and Linux
GNU's Not Unix
What FOSS Stands for?
What's GNU?
What's GNU/Linux?
What's GNU/Hurd?
Debian GNU/Hurd exists? not really, not yet
What's GNU/Darwin?
Is Darwin FOSS? yes.. GPL'd? nop, it's APSL'd
GPL'd version of Darwin? yes, Open-Darwin, but ...
What is this all about?
FOSS Definition (4 Freedoms)
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your
needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for
this.
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
(freedom 2).
The freedom to improve the program, and release your
improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits
(freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for
this.
Free Software Philosophy
1997 The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)
1998 Open Source Definition (4 Freedoms)
General Public License (GPL)
Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
the concept, you should think of free as in "free speech", not as
in "free beer".
Open Source is a development methodology; Free Software is a
social movement.
Distributed development is one of the main key strengths in
FOSS.
Three definitions of Linux
Linux Kernel: The very low-level software that manages your
computer hardware and provides a library (POSIX) interface for
user-level software. The Linux kernel runs on many platforms (Intel
x86, IA-64, AMD64, Alpha, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, PowerPC, IBM S/390,
SPARC, Motorola 680x0, etc.).
GNU/Linux OS:The Linux kernel plus utility software to provide a
useful working environment.
Linux Distribution:The packaging of the Linux Kernel, the
GNU/Linux OS and lots of other software to make Linux easy to
install, configure, and use (at least for the target audience).
Quote
You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To
change something, build a new model that makes the existing model
obsolete. R. Buckminster Fuller
GNU/Linux Histrorical Timeline
1969: Unix is developed at AT&T
1983: The GNU Project launched by RMS
1991: Linux 0.01 ( 10k line of code, 1 user )
1994: Linux 1.0 ( 170k line of code, 100 thousand user)
1996: Linux 2.0 ( 400k line of code, 1.5 million user)
1998: Open Source Definition (4 Freedoms)
1998: Linux 2.1.11 ( 1.5M line of code, 7.5 million user)
1999: Linux 2.2: 12 million users
2008: A Promising Future
Linux Evolution within First 8 years
Quote
You cant better the world by simply talking to it. Philosophy to
be effective must be mechanically applied.Buckminster Fuller
GPL version 3
if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
for a fee, you must:pass on to the recipients the same freedoms
that you received.
make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
code.
show them these terms so they know their rights.
there is no warranty for the GPL'd free software, and modified
versions has to be marked as changed, so that their problems will
not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions.
Why use Open Source & Linux?
Speed and Stability.
Open Source tends to be high quality and economical.
Security: very little security holes & quick fixes.
No worms, spyware, crashes, and no more blue screen of
death.
True multiuser system (secure file permission, use can't affect
other users or the OS, user must logon)
Modularity (User isn't locked to one shell or GUI).
Strong communities for development and support.
Developers, Developers, Developers!
Code, Code, Code!
Open Source is not only in software
General Knowlege: Wikipedia.org
Web Designing: OSWD.org (Open Source Web Design),
OpenDesigns.org , OpenWebDesign.org
Learning: ChemCollective.org, k12EdCom.org
Hardware: opencores.org
Others: OpenCola (Open Source Cola Formula), Open Data
(Scintific data & others)
Business in FOSS world
The Cathedral and the Bazar (1997) by Eric Raymond.
Free Software => Open Source => FOSS
Cygnus (1989): First business model in FOSS, Technical support
for GNU tools (merged with RedHat 1999)
Netscape(1998): First big company turned into FOSS (netscape
=> mozilla). This was highly influenced by "the cathedral and
the bazar" which they heared in the perl conference in 1997
Quote
I guess you could call the belief in sharing of knowledge a
philosophy, but I just think its a fact. Its what differentiates
science from alchemy or witchcraft. Anybody who doesnt believe in
it is just wearing some serious blinders.Linus Torvalds
Distributions
Debian: large (>1200 developers), community developed, strong
policy, 15k packages, growing by 20% annualy. Largest (?)
Ubuntu: aimed for desktop users, based on debian unstable.
Red Hat: Early star, now aimed for enterprise.
Fedora: Sponsored by redhat, community supported.
Centos: The Free (from charge) alternative to RHEL.
Mandriva: Popular redhat derivative.
Suse: made by Novell, aimed for enterprise. Lately there's a
joint development with microsoft.
OpenSuse:Open source alternative of Suse, community
supported
Slackware: Very Unix-like, Old but popular
Phaeronix: The egyptian distro.
Arabian, Arabbix: Arabic distros, but discontinued.
Single tree and mount points
Single tree system Vs. Multi-tree system.
why mount?
/mnt , /media
Mount Points can be any empty directory.
Mount exists in Window$.
You can have any number of mount points.
root root root
The root directory ( / ):The root of your only tree.
It must be assosiated to a partition.
The root user:equals to the administrator in the Window$.
Very dangerous to login with it (really, i'm not kedding with
that).
Should be disabled or use a really hard password.
The root home directory ( /root ):The home directory of the root
user (where he stores his files)
GNU/Linux Directory structure
Everything is a file
Main Directories and their intended use:/etc : configuration
files.
/bin, /usr/bin (binaries) excutables.
/sbin, /usr/sbin : (super user binaries) excutables for
system-wide changes (e.g hardware configurations, shutdown,
kernel-related, .. etc).
/tmp : temporary.
/home : subfolder for every account, account related files
(desktop, account-related configurations.
/root : the root user home directory.
/mnt, /media : a place for mounting additonal devices.
/dev : hardware devices (editable, with extreme caution)
/proc : running processes (most of times are editable)
Display Components
X Server (XFree, XORG).
Desktop Enviroment (DE):KDE, Gnome, XFCE, ... etc
Window Manager (WM)Window Maker, Enlightment, IceWM, ... etc
Compositing Window Manager Metacity, Beryl, Compiz, ... etc
Installation Background
Partitioning.
Hardware detection.
Locales selection (Keyboard, time, location).
Package selection.
Bootloader.
Partitioning
Recommended partitioning for home user:Root ( / ), swap, home (
/home).
Recommended size of swap partition (1.5~2 * RAM size)
File System types.
What does journalized mean?
ext3 for stability, ReiserFS for speed.
ext2 is native and speedy. but not stable enough.
Packaging
What's a software package?
Dependencies.
Source Code Vs. Binary Package.
Mirrors
Why not getting software from third parties?
package managers (apt, yum, urpmi, smart, ... etc)
GUI interfaces for the package managers (e.g synaptic)
Installing a software package not from the mirrors.
portage tree .. a mirror of source codes??
Bootloader
Why use a bootloader?
Does Window$ has a bootloader?
Lilo Vs. GRUB
/boot
/boot/grub/menu.lst
GNU/Linux OS layers
Kernel.
Shell.
X-Server.
Desktop Enviroment (or a Window Maker).
Composite Window Maker.
Window Decorator.
CLI Vs. GUI
CLI is for experienced users only, GUI can be used by
anyone.
CLI more powerful, GUI more user friendly.
Most server releases doesn't contain GUI interface.
My advice is that you use GUI for normal and daily tasks (e.g
browsing, ... etc.) and use CLI for every administration task you
do.
Positives:User friendly.
Eye candy.
Where normal users lives. as well as we live when we use our
PC's as normal users (browsing, IM, Office, ... etc.)
Suitable for non-critical tasks which we can afford it to be
slower and less stable for being more easy to use.
Negatives:Consumes too much of your resources.
Cause it's a higher layer, this means that bugs have higher
possibility to exist.
Not good in administrative tasks, or at least most of them.
Not everything can be done with CLI exists in GUI, it's just a
graphical interface and doesn't allow you to use all the options
available.
GUI
CLI
much more powerful than GUI
After getting used to it, CLI will be far more EASY and FASTER
to you than GUI in lots of tasks.
Most administration tasks are made with CLI. Those who made with
GUI are simply a graphical interface that runs CLI commands in the
background.
BASH = Bourne Again SHell. Note that there's more than one kind
of shell (bash, sh, dash, ... etc)
BASH is the current standard of linux, Unix, and MAC OSX
shell.
M$ Window$ is now emplimenting something called 'Window$ Power
Shell' ... Will it be compatible with BASH commands? hope so.
How to get help?
man pages.
Distro documentation & forums
http://www.google.com/linux
http://www.eglug.org
http://www.eglug.org/alex
IRC: irc.freenode.net
IRC: #eglug @ irc.freenode.net
Conclusion
In a world without walls, who needs windows?
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