Gender and Livestock Value Chains in Kenya and Tanzania

Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

31st January–2nd February 2011

Jemimah Njuki, Elizabeth Waithanji, Joyce Macha, Samuel Mburu, Juliet Kariuki

Outline• Introduction• Methods and Key research questions• Results

– Assets, income and access to services– Women’s participation in livestock markets– Intra-household income control, decision

making and expenditure• Further Analysis

Why livestock?• Livestock, compared to other productive

assets, are an important and accessible asset for women

• Livestock production and marketing as a promising pathway out of poverty

• Strategic focus on women can contribute to long term poverty reduction

Key issues• Women’s access to livestock production resources

inhibited by gender-based constraints

• Women are involved in and may control production, but often they do not own the means of production – namely, livestock, land and water

• Existing analyses of the role and economic contribution of women to livestock development and the key challenges they face are inconclusive

• Inequitable gender participation in commercialised livestock markets

Key research questions and dataKey Research Question Type of data collected

Which livestock, livestock products have the greatest potential for contributing to the economic empowerment of women through increasing incomes under their control?

Income from sale of livestock and livestock products, who manages income and amount of income managed by women

What types of livestock and livestock product markets accessed by women provide limited barriers to women’s participation or provide women more flexibility and control while ensuring sustainable incomes?

Men and women’s market preferences / availability, markets where livestock and livestock products are sold and who in the household sells

What institutional mechanisms have the potential to increase women’s benefits from livestock including decision making with respect to livestock and livestock product ownership, market access and control over income?

Membership in marketing groups, group marketing, who makes decisions in the household on livestock and livestock ownership

How does women’s economic empowerment, market participation and income control influence household food and nutrition security?

Market participation, income control by women, Household dietary diversity, household food adequacy, coping strategies during food shortage

Livestock Assets, Income and Access to Services

Household ownership of livestock-Kenya

  Male-headed Female-headed

 

Livestock Mean Mean T-statistic

Bee Hives 3.71 3 0.966

Dairy Cattle 2.64 2.08 2.074**

Exotic chicken (Broilers) 187 14 2.487**

Exotic chicken (Layers) 56.32 11.4 2.26**

Goats 6.15 4.64 0.752

Local chicken 13.43 8.98 1.859**

Other cattle 2.47 2.75 -0.182

Pigs 6.33 5.5 0.195

Sheep 4.06 3.28 1.011

• Local chickens and dairy cows were the most commonly owned livestock species

• Except for other cattle, male headed households owned more livestock than female

• Significant differences in number of dairy cattle, exotic and local chicken

Men women JointlyBee Hives 4 2 4

Dairy Cattle 3 2 2

Exotic chicken (Broilers)

8 130 153

Exotic chicken (Layers)

70 46 38

Goats 9 4 4

Local chicken 18 13 9

Other cattle 2 3 3

Pigs 6 6 7

Sheep 4 3 4

Livestock OwnershipKenya

Livestock species Male-headed

Female-headed All households

Dairy Cattle 257.35 61.65 319.00

Exotic chicken (Broilers) 10.44 .14 10.58

Exotic chicken (Layers) 7.90 .29 8.19

Goats 41.80 7.86 49.66

Local chicken 13.83 2.87 16.70

Other cattle 39.70 9.30 49.00

Pigs 6.06 2.20 8.26

Sheep 18.00 4.69 22.68

Total TLU 395.08 88.99 484.06

TanzaniaLivestock Male-headed Female-

headed Overall

Dairy Cattle 4.59 2.38 4.39

Exotic chicken (Broilers)

1.33 .17 1.20

Exotic chicken (Layers)

2.98 - 2.98

Goats 0.76 0.53 .71

Local chicken 0.18 0.13 .17

Other cattle 7.09 5.05 6.82Pigs 0.81 0.64 .78Sheep 0.46 0.35 .43Total 1.24 0.70 1.15

Most of the value of TLU comes from dairy cattle (and other cattle in Tanzania)TLU of male headed households much larger than female headed householdsDespite small livestock (chicken, goats, sheep) by women and FHH, their contribution to TLU is very low

Means of acquisition of livestock by women

• Despite other evidence, across species, the main means of livestock acquisition by women was through purchase

• For sheep, goats and local chicken, born into the herd was a common source for women

• Group purchase and grants from NGOs was common for goats and bee hives

Access to technologies and services• Over 50% of households saved

money and over 40% of households had received credit

• Female headed households obtained lower amounts than male headed households (14,289Ksh compared to 60, 064 Ksh)

• Women received training and credit in less than 40% of the households, saved money in over 50% of the households in Kenya

• In Tanzania, less than 20%, 40% and 20% of women have ever been trained on livestock, contacted and extension officer or obtained credit

Main sources and uses of credit in Kenya

More women obtained credit from groups, neighbours and friends than menMore men than women received credit from banks, microfinance organizations and co-ops Most credit was used on purchase of assets, payment of school fees, and purchase of livestock

Women’s Participation in Livestock Markets

Market Participation-Who sold?• Women participated most in the

sale of chicken, eggs and milk

• 63% of chicken sales were made by women, 89.1% of the egg sales and 73.1% of the milk sales

• Only about 10% of cattle sales and 30% of goat and sheep sales were made by women

Where sold: Milk and Eggs

Women mainly sold milk and eggs at farm gate to other farmers and to traders

Very few women delivered to traders /or shop or to city markets

Where sold: Chicken and Honey

Men mainly sold chicken at farm gate to traders or delivered to the tradersWomen mainly sold at farm gate to farmers and tradersWomen only sold honey at farm gate while men had 4 options for marketing honey

What determines market participation by women?

Milk

Variables Coef. z P>z

Price of eggs 0.001 -3.11 0.002

Belong to group=1 -0.501 -6.17 0.000

Age 0.000 -0.01 0.990

Transport asset 0.008 0.25 0.806

Household size -0.036 -3.81 0.000

Primary education 0.124 1.56 0.120

Secondary education 0.158 1.83 0.068

College education 0.254 2.32 0.020

Sold from home to traders 0.038 1.05 0.294

Delivered to traders 0.081 1.5 0.133

Sold to city markets 0.136 1.43 0.153

Constant 1.469 7.99 0.000

/sigma 0.173 19.18 0.000

EggsVariables Coefficien

tz P>z

Price of milk 0.014 3.930 0.000

Belong to group=1 0.114 -2.510 0.012

Age -0.003 -2.060 0.040

Transport asset 0.017 0.530 0.596

Household size -0.011 -1.400 0.161

Primary education -0.093 -1.590 0.113

Secondary education -0.077 -1.210 0.225

College education -0.104 -1.170 0.242

Sold from home to traders

0.160 3.580 0.000

Delivered to traders 0.167 3.070 0.002

Sold in village market -0.012 -0.090 0.932

Constant 0.618 4.500 0.000

/sigma 0.1083047

11.49 0

Intra-household income control, decision making and expenditure

Income control by men and women from all sources

Income control by men and women for all livestock and products

Income control by men and women for all livestock and products

• Largest incomes from milk and chicken– Sold by women– Women control

less than 30% of the income (high in terms of absolute values)

Products Men Women Joint Total

Cattle sales 12,270.4 5,917.0 22,404.8 40,592.2

Chicken sales 14,850.0 34,805.1 79,388.3 129,043.4

Eggs 12,000.0 3,817.3 7,510.5 23,327.8

milk 65,654.4 38,716.5 146,688.4 251,059.3

Shoats 4,386.8 6,506.3 10,238.9 21,131.9

honey 17,950.0 3,412.5 1,931.3 23,293.8

Decision making on sale of women owned livestock

Women more likely to sell chicken that they own without consulting husbands, compared to other species

Expenditure patterns

• Most men used income from livestock on farming, savings and school fees

• Women mainly used on fees, building, payment of loans and savings

Conclusions and Implications (i)Livestock ownership:• Clear patterns of ownership for large and small livestock. • Women and FHH households own less of all livestock compared to men

and MHH. Women do not have final say in terms of sale of the livestock they own

• Despite more women and FHH households owning more small livestock than the larger ones, these contribute a very small proportion of total livestock asset portfolio of these households

• Increasing access and ownership of livestock assets by women is a critical first step not only in their empowerment but their participation in and benefits from livestock markets

Access to services• Training on livestock and livestock practices still targeted at men and very

few women receiving training despite what we know about the roles of men and women in livestock production (especially in Tanzania, in Kenya, less than 40% of FHH)

• Innovative approaches for increasing access to services and technologies including participatory research, group based schemes must accompany interventions to increase women’s participation in output markets

Conclusions and Implications (ii)Market participation by women• Most sales by women are done at farm gate to other farmers and traders

while men sell more to shops /formal markets. These require less mobility and less investments e.g on transport assets

• Women more engaged in the sale of livestock products compared to the sale of livestock and had a had lower number of options /outlets for sale of products

• Women very engaged in product marketing—further analysis of what this engagement means for them in terms of benefits from these markets

• An analysis of existing markets, women’s preferences and constraints should precede market development.

• Need for multiple strategies including capacity building to engage in formal markets as well as improving women’s profile /roles in informal markets

Income control and decision making on livestock• Evaluation needs to go beyond overall household income to look at

distributional impact and changes in decision making, management of income and gender equity