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CONTEXT: CIFSRF PROJECT REVALORIZING SMALL MILLETS IN RAINFED REGIONS IN SOUTH ASIA (RESMISA)
The CIFSRF project, Revalorizing Small Millets in Rainfed Regions in South Asia, led by CMU & DHAN Foundation, aims to increase production, distribution, access, and daily consumption of small millets and pulses seeds in rainfed regions of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
As a part of two key objectives: To enhance the consumption and social status of small millets and to advocate for a policy environment that provides a level playing field for production and consumption of small millets.
This study is an attempt to explore this gap: understand street food chain, their products, clients, problems and constraints and opportunities
URBAN FOOD INSECURITY Urban residents spend 30% more of their
income than their rural counterparts to meet their daily caloric intake.
The percentage of population consuming less than 1890 calories per day was 13.90% in urban regions against 13.20% in the rural areas in 2004–05 (NSSO, 2007).
THE INFORMAL SECTOR AND STREET FOOD VENDING IN INDIA
One of the two largest informal sector sub-groups. (Chan, 2010).
Street food vendors have shown their resilience in the face of both economic downturn and economic boom (FAO, 2007)
91% of women in the non-agricultural labour force were in the Informal Economy (Hill, 2010)
Street Food is an essential component of the urban poor’s diet and provides livelihoods for the urban poor and thus an appropriate avenue for food security interventions.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVESResearch was conducted with four overlapping
objectives: (i)To understand the role of street vendors for
enhancing consumption of nutritious RTE food among poor (including millet porridge)
(ii) To understand the socioeconomic profile of street food vendors
(iii) To understand the socio-economic profile of street food consumers and their preferences for food quality, nutrition, and hygiene
(iv) To explore rural and urban linkages between rural peasants and the informal food sector employing urban poor.
METHODOLOGY Mixed-Method
ApproachQualitative and
Quantitative data collected
Methods• Exploratory research: semi-standardized
interviews, participant observations, consultation with experts.
• Vendor Focus Group discussion• Health and Safety observations• Consumer Surveys• Mapping Exercise
FIELD SITE: MADURAI, TN, INDIA
1. Porridge push cart
• Mobile structure• Pearl or Finger millet
porridge • Limited diversity of
food
2. Non-porridge pushcart
• Mobile structure• Ready to eat cooked
items besides porridge
4. Small Scale Restaurant
• Permanent structure• Larger scale of
business
3. Hawker
• Limited to no infrastructure
• Predominantly women
Legend: 1. Porridge Vendor (dark blue) 3. Hawker (green)2. Non-Porridge Pushcart (red) 4. Small Scale Restaurant (light blue)
Vendor Locations in Madurai
DIVERSITY OF PRODUCTS
Over 20 types of rice, wheat or millet based ready to eat products
Top 10 Main Dishes (Primary)Idli Pearl Millet Porridge Dhosai Ragi Millet Porridge Pongol Poori Variety Rice Parotta Chapati Aappum
Ragi Millet Porridge
CLASSIFICATION OF VENDORS BY GENDER
Gendered Ownership/Management of Vendors
Sole Female Led Enterprise Husband & Wife Team Sole Male Led Enterprise
With no support
Female support
only
Some support
from male
Support from female family
member (not wife)
Male with no female support
12 8 5 58 6 1
13% 9% 6% 64% 7% 1%
WOMEN IN THE STREET VENDING SECTOR: SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE
91% of solo female led enterprises had less than grade 10 education and 75% were illiterate
The category of vendors with the lowest economic status over all were hawkers, which were 80% womeno More commonly driven by severe financial need; widowed or separated, family medical needs, husband was injured or substance abuse issues.
PAID VS. UNPAID WORKERS
Total N=137Gender of Worker
Male Female
unpaid worker 41 72
paid
employee
18 6
Total 137 59 78
COMPARISON OF BUSINESS ACROSS CLASSIFICATIONS
Female Led Male Led Husband-Wife Team
Other source of income?
47.8% 28% 25%
Average number of customers per day
48 59 95
Percentage of repeat customers
Majority low (0-20%)
Majority low (0-20%)
Majority high (41-60%)
DISADVANTAGES WHEN IN THE STREET VENDING BUSINESS
Less diversity of product not due to knowledge but capacity to expand
More hours spent at home and behind the scenes
Dangerous or painful preparation
Lack of support from NGO’s or government
BRIBES AND HARASSMENT
• 45% of female led enterprises reported being harassed and asked to relocate within the last year as compared to 28% of male led enterprises.
• Often blamed on ‘traffic congestion’
CONSUMER SURVEY DATA
Av. Primary Income
(Rs/month)
Average Spending at Street Food Vendors
Socioeconomic Class
N Rs/monthAs % of income
poor 66 8090 246 3.0%
lower middle class
80 16406 319 1.9%
upper middle class
22 23181 268 1.2%
Total 168 14026 283 2.0%
PROTECTION OF LIVELIHOODS AND REGULATION OF STREET VENDING ACT 2014
Important first step in recognizing street vendors contribution to the economy
• Chapter V11 states one-third of members within the town vending committee must be women.
SPECIAL THANKS Development for Humane Action Foundation (DHAN) International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Menno Simons College/ Canadian Mennonite University
University of Alberta