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What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
Naturally-formed Naturally-formed solidsolid substance substance with a with a crystalcrystal structure structure
Pyromorphite
What do all minerals What do all minerals have in common?have in common?
All:All:1.1. Are formed by Are formed by naturalnatural processes. processes.
2.2. Are Are NOTNOT alive and NEVER were alive alive and NEVER were alive
3.3. Have a Have a definitedefinite volume and shape volume and shape
4.4. Are elements or compounds with a Are elements or compounds with a uniqueunique chemical makeupchemical makeup
5.5. Are made up of particles that are arranged Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a (called a CRYSTALCRYSTAL))
Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop…
1.What element are diamonds made from?
2. What do all crystals have in common?
Groups of MineralsGroups of Minerals
Minerals are grouped by the Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.elements they are made of.
Amethyst
Beryl (Emerald) Calcite
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
SilicatesSilicates
Contain Contain oxygenoxygen & & silicasilicaThe most The most abundantabundant group of group of mineralsminerals
Quartz, micaQuartz, mica
MICA Quartz
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Non-SilicatesNon-Silicates
Make up only Make up only 5%5% of the of the Earth’s crustEarth’s crustInclude some Include some of the most of the most important important mineralsminerals
iron, copper, iron, copper, gold, silver, gold, silver, diamonds, diamonds, rubiesrubies
Silver
GoldRuby Iron
Copper
Diamond
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
CarbonatesCarbonates Carbon & Carbon & oxygen and a oxygen and a positive ion, positive ion, such as such as calciumcalcium
Calcite Calcite (CaCO(CaCO33))
Calcite with Duftite inclusions
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
OxidesOxides Metallic ion Metallic ion and oxygenand oxygen
Hematite Hematite (Fe(Fe22)O)O33
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
SulfidesSulfides Sulfur and a Sulfur and a metallic ionmetallic ion
Galena (PbS)Galena (PbS)
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Sulfates Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen
Barite (BaSO4)
Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3
BariteBaSo4
Mineral GroupMineral Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples
Native Elements
Single elements
Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)
How do minerals form?How do minerals form?
1) Cooling of 1) Cooling of magmamagma (hot, (hot, liquid liquid rockrock and minerals inside the earth and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))(from the mantle)) Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) Medium Cooling = small crystalsMedium Cooling = small crystals Slow Cooling = large crystalsSlow Cooling = large crystals
How do minerals form?How do minerals form?
2) Elements dissolved in 2) Elements dissolved in liquidsliquids (usually water)(usually water)
Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)(can be used to identify the mineral)
ColorColor Can be misleading Can vary with the type of impurities
Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)(can be used to identify the mineral)
LusterLuster Surface reflection metallic = shiny
like metal non-metallic =
dull, non-shiny surface
Pyrite has a metallic luster
Calcite has a non-metallic luster
Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
StreakStreak The color of the powdered
form of the mineral The color of the streak can
be different than the mineral Minerals must be softer than
the streak plate
Streak…can help identify Streak…can help identify quartzquartz
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)(can be used to identify the mineral)
HardnessHardness How easily a mineral How easily a mineral scratchesscratches
materialsmaterials Mohs Hardness ScaleMohs Hardness Scale
Scale from 1 (Scale from 1 (softestsoftest) to 10 () to 10 (hardesthardest)) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch
different objects (like human fingernail, different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)copper, penny, glass, steel file)
Find out more…Find out more…
““Electronic” Hardness TestElectronic” Hardness Test
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html geomysteries/cube/b2.html
Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)(can be used to identify the mineral)
Cleavage & FractureCleavage & Fracture The way the mineral breaks Cleavage—minerals break
along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape
Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges
Cleavage or Fracture?Cleavage or Fracture?1.
4.
3.
2.
Physical Properties of MineralsPhysical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)(can be used to identify the mineral)
Other PropertiesOther Properties Specific gravity (*excellent clue to
mineral’s identity) Attraction to magnets Bending of light Reaction with hydrochloric acid Smell & taste
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html
Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification”
1. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail.
2. What is luster?
Watch Classifying Minerals ClipWatch Classifying Minerals Clip
What is a gem?What is a gem? A Mineral OR Rock that has value Rare ! Sometimes polishing or cutting will
add value