1. G E O GR AP H Y R EP O R T C a b o o l t u re River Catchment Field Study CABOOLTURE RIVER RIVER WATER QUALITY STUDY Ashleigh DeCourcy Due Date: Tuesday 9 June

2. Table of ContentsTable of Contents..................................................................................................................2List of Figures.......................................................................................................................3List of Tables.........................................................................................................................31. Introduction.......................................................................................................................41.1 Overview of Caboolture and Caboolture River.....................................................42. Aims of report....................................................................................................................53. Methodology......................................................................................................................54. Analysis of Assessment of Caboolture River Health.........................................................64.1 Reasons for Selection of key water Quality Indicator...........................................84.2 Assessment of water quality indicator samples from Caboolture River..............104.3 Health of the Caboolture River...........................................................................165. Analysis of Proposed Land Use Options........................................................................175.1 Analysis of Residential Option............................................................................195.2 Analysis of Industrial Option...............................................................................195.3 Analysis of Natural Reserve Option....................................................................206. Recommendations for Best Land Use Option.................................................................207. Conclusion......................................................................................................................20Reference List.....................................................................................................................21Appendices.........................................................................................................................22 C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 2 3. List of Tables and FiguresAppendix A. Centenary Lakes.............................................................................................22 Appendix B. Title Page Image.............................................................................................23 Figure 1. Caboolture, Brisbane Queensland........................................................................4 Figure 2. Keillors Crossing: Best Road, Rocksberg Queensland.........................................7 Figure 3. Caboolture River Road: Caboolture Road, North Brisbane Queensland..............7 Figure 4. Litherland Crossing: Litherland Road, Caboolture Queensland............................8 Figure 5. Centenary Lakes: Morayeld Road, Caboolture Queensland...............................8 Figure 6. Beachmere Boat Ramp: Smith Road, Beachmere................................................9 Figure 7. Salinity Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area...........................................11 Figure 8. Dissolved Oxygen Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area.........................12 Figure 9. Phosphorous Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area.................................13 Figure 10. pH Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area................................................14 Figure 11. Turbidity Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area.......................................15 Figure 12. Riparian Disturbance Rating of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area...................16 Figure 13. Proposed Land Area..........................................................................................18 Table 1. Caboolture River Water Quality Indicator Results.................................................10 Table 2. Salinity Levels........................................................................................................11 Table 3. Dissolved Oxygen Levels......................................................................................11 Table 4. Phosphorous Levels..............................................................................................13 Table 5. pH Levels..............................................................................................................14 Table 6. Turbidity Levels.....................................................................................................15 Table 7. Riparian Disturbance Ratings................................................................................16 Table 8. Recommended Grade for each site......................................................................17 C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 3 4. 1. IntroductionThe Moreton Bay Regional Council is strongly committed to helping the health and quality of the Caboolture River. To be able to improve the quality of the water, an examination of different aspects needed to be analysed so that they can comprehend what exactly needs to be contemplated. This includes factors such as preliminary observations of each site, an analysis of water quality indicators, recordings of each indicators at each site and laboratory testing.1.1 Caboolture, Brisbane Queensland Caboolture is located approximately 50 km north of Brisbane. It is considered to be the northern- most urban area of the Brisbane metropolitan area within South East Queensland. Caboolture takes its name from the Aboriginal word Kabul-Tur meaning place of the carpet snakes. Every year it holds the Urban Country Music Festival and a Ute Muster. Figure 1: Caboolture, Brisbane Queensland Caboolture River The Caboolture River is a small coastal river that runs into Deception Bay, at the northern end of Moreton Bay, just south of the Pummicestone Passage and Bribie Island. The total catchment area is 728km. The Caboolture River is a habitat area for various aquatic life such as Bass, Tarpon, Bream, Flathead and Mullet and Mangrove Jack which is occasionally found in the summer months. An issue in which the Caboolture River has is the amount of rubbish found in the river around the Bruce Highway and the Caboolture town. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 4 5. 2. Aim of Report The aim of this report is to assist in the study and analysis of river water quality and health; and to understand the importance of water quality indicators which help in preserving the river system. Additionally it is also to help the Moreton Bay Regional Council facilitate an area of land with one of the following proposals:Residential ZoneIndustrial PrecinctNature Reserve One of these proposals needs to be recommended to the Moreton Bay Regional Council to exhibit which one is the best possible option for helping sustain the Caboolture River. Of this, it must be able to satisfy most aspects of assisting the rivers health economically, socially and environmentally. This report analyses, examines and summarises all elements needed to assist in the required maintenance needed to improve the quality and health of the Caboolture River. 3. Methodology On Thursday 7th May, a eld study excursion was conducted to help assist in the study of water quality and water health of the Caboolture River. In order to do so, the Year 11 and 12 Geography classes of St Columbans College, Caboolture travelled by bus to ve different sites around the Caboolture Area. In only a period of six hours, many observations, recordings, discussions and tests were produced and performed for the study on the water quality and health and all other surroundings which contribute to these main factors. The classes were split into groups and were given a certain indicator to measure at each site and were recorded for assessment. These indicators were recorded into the eld study report booklets handed out at the beginning of the day and were then used in class to graph into graphs and tables. All information in this report was obtained from the eld trip and from other secondary sources such as internet, books, reports and class handouts. Indicators including dissolved oxygen and phosphorous were tested in the Science Laboratories at St Columbans to help with the results of the water quality of each site. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 5 6. 4. Analysis of Assessment of Caboolture River HealthDuring the eld study of the Caboolture River, many preliminary observations were made in order to understand the quality of the Caboolture River and its water quality. In the duration of 6 hours, ve different sites around the Caboolture Area were visited and many observations were recorded. These sites consisted of Keillors Crossing, Caboolture River Road, Litherland Crossing, Centenary Lakes and Beachmere Boat Ramp. Each destination had different characteristics and uses. Site 1: Keillors Crossing Keillors Crossing is located North of Brisbane in the Caboolture Area. The water appeared clear and no unusual odours were observed. Various shrubs, trees, grass and leaves were found more present on the left bank. Grazing animals an native animals such as birds were observed although there was no major agriculture. Erosion was found more on the right bank due to less vegetation. This area is used for residential usage. Figure 2: Best Road, Rocksberg, Queensland Site 2: Caboolture River RoadThe second site to visit was ashort distance away from the rst.Caboolture River Road sitedisplayed various kinds ofdifferent vegetation on the leftbank as the right bank had variedresidential uses such as picnictables, roads and a rope swing.The water appeared clean, clearand still. No sources of pollution,although a the road is very closeby therefore the right bank ismuch more human oriented. Thesoil was found to be dry andsandy. Figure 3: Caboolture Road, North Brisbane, Queensland C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 6 7. Site 3: Litherland CrossingMany preliminary observationswere made during the visit tothis site. The water appearedclear with a minor amount ofmoss and scum founddownstream. Upstream anunusual foam was alsoobserved. No serious pollutionwas found, only an abandonedtyre found nearby the bank.Land use included minimal usefor farming, residential andhobby farming. The soilappeared dry and hard althoughvery moist closer to the bank. Figure 4: Litherland Road, Caboolture, Queensland Site 4: Centenary LakesCentenary Lakes can be foundon Morayeld Road inCaboolture. It is very differentto the other sites as it is morehuman maintained and used.The vegetation levels observedwere at a minimum as theywere all human produced forthe residential use of the area.It is a very at area anddisplayed boardwalks andconcreted paths. The soil of thearea was very moist dueprobably due to recent rainfalls.Figure 5: Morayeld Road, Caboolture, Queensland During the visit to Centenary Lakes many different observations were made as this site differed in many ways to the other sites around the Caboolture Area. This area was depicted to be a much more residential area compared to the other sites. (Appendix A) As shown in the Map above, the shape of Centenary Lakes differs greatly to the others, as it it rounder and in the shape of an eight (8). Due to previous ooding and heavy rainfalls, the water appeared discoloured, dirty, murky and dark and many unusual odours were observed. Reasons for this may be from the potential sources located very close by to the area such as the main highway; Morayeld Road, human activity, sports centres nearby, toilet access and facilities, street lights, signs, water taps, garbage pollution from human activity, car parks, bridges, picnic tables and parks. Animal life at Centenary Lakes was evident as the area was highly lled with ducks and different insects and birds. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 7 8. Site 5: Beachmere Boat RampThe Beachmere Boat Ramp isis the river mouth. The water atthis site appeared very brownand muddy. Many boats wereobserved and also cars. Thisarea is of residential use due tohuman usage. Mangroves,sand and mud were the mainvegetation of the area. Anumber of animal life wasviewed such as pelicans,soldier crabs and fairy shrimp.It is a very at open areaconsisting of a muddy andsandy surface. Figure 6: Smith Road, Beachmere, Queensland4.1 Reasons for Selection of Key Water Quality Indicators In order to assess the water quality and health, a number of water indicators were recorded from each site: Salinity Dissolved Oxygen Phosphorous pH Turbidity Riparian Zone 4.1.1 Salinity Salinity is an important factor for the survival of animal and plant living and all other living organisms. All plants, animals, bacteria and algae need a certain level of salinity in order to survive. If there happen to be any changes in salinity levels, it can kill an organism. During drought periods, when the occurrence of constant shallow watering is present large amounts of salts can appear in the top soil. All natural waters including freshwater lakes and rivers all contain dissolved salts at various concentrations. This is because dissolved salts originate primarily from the chemical and physical weathering of rocks and minerals contained in the Earths crust. These weathered materials are dissolved by rainfall, which transport them to lakes rivers and oceans. Salinity inuences where aquatic plants and animals live and affects other aspects of water quality. 4.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen levels are also another important aspect when it comes to water quality and health. A rare disease known as gas bubble disease where bubbles block the ow of the blood through blood vessels, can cause death to sh if the water contains an excessive amount of dissolved gases. Aquatic invertebrates are also affected by gas bubble disease but at levels higher than those lethal to sh which is why the amount of dissolved oxygen needs to be kept at aC a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 8 9. reasonable level. A sufcient amount of dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality for the reason of oxygen which is a necessary element to all living things. The lower the concentration, the greater the risk to all aquatic life. If oxygen levels remain below 1-2mg/l for a certain period of time many sh will die. Dissolved oxygen is essential for the survival of all aquatic organisms such as crabs, clams, zooplankton and sh. 4.1.3 Phosphorous The growth of plants and animals all need the key element phosphorous which is when phosphates are formed. Phosphate stimulates the growth of plankton and aquatic plants which provide food for sh. This may cause an increase in the sh population and improve the overall water quality. However, if an excess of phosphate enters the waterway, algae and aquatic plants will grow wildly, choke up the waterway and use up large amounts of oxygen. This condition is known as eutrophication or over-fertilization of receiving waters. This rapid growth of aquatic vegetation eventually dies and as it decays it uses up oxygen. This process in turn causes the death of aquatic life because of the lowering of dissolved oxygen levels. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals unless they are present in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur from extremely high levels of phosphate.4.1.4 pH The PH of water is a very important aspect when referring to water quality and health. A change in the pH of water can change the behaviour of other chemicals in the water. It is the measurement of how acidic of how basic (alkaline) a solution is. When substances dissolve in water they produce charged molecules called ions. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. Water that is neutral has a pH of 7 while acidic water has pH values less than 7 and pH levels of 0 being most acidic. Most animals and plants have adapted to life in water with a specic pH and even a small change in this can cause them to suffer.4.1.5 Turbidity Turbidity is the condition resulting from suspended solids in the water, including silts, clays, industrial wastes, sewage and plankton. A more simple and complex way to describe turbidity is the measure of how cloudy, dirty or muddy the water quality is. The particles absorb heat in the sunlight which raises water temperature, lowering dissolved oxygen levels and also prevents sunlight from reaching plants below the surface. In this process, this decreases the rate of photosynthesis which means less oxygen can be produced by plants. Turbidity may kill sh and their larvae, caused by soil erosion, excess nutrients, various wastes and pollutants and the action of bottom feeding organisms which stir sediments up into the water.4.1.6 Riparian Zone The Riparian zone can be described as a vegetated area consisting of plants such as shrubs, trees, grasses, on the banks of a river. Riparian vegetation, in-stream cover, in-stream habitats and bank stability are all indicators in helping maintain water quality, as well as providing many habitats for birds, frogs, sh, insects, macro-invertebrates and many other organisms. Trees are the most effective in helping maintain water quality and health. Trees maintained along stream banks can help prevent stream bank erosion and strips of trees provide wind breaks to help prevent soil erosion, provide shade and shelter for animals and wildlife and helps improve the appearance. Healthy riparian zones decrease erosion, reduce nutrient and sediment runoff and also helps control light and temperature in the waterway. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 9 10. 4.2 Assessment of water quality indicator samples from Caboolture RiverThe table below displays all the results observed and recorded during the eld study assessment. Indicators salinity, dissolved oxygen and phosphorous are all measured in parts per million (ppm). The pH of the water is measured from a measurement of how acidic or how basic (alkaline) a solution is and is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. The turbidity of water is a measure of the degree to which the water looses its transparency from suspended particulates. Turbidity is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) using an instrument called nephelometer or turbidimeter. Lastly the riparian disturbance zone was recorded by observances of vegetation made at each site on a scale from 1 to 4. Table 1: Caboolture River Water Quality Indicator Results Keillors Cross-CabooltureLitherlandCentenary Beachmere ingRiver RoadCrossingLakes Boat RampSalinity 200 ppm300 ppm400 ppm 150 ppm 4250 ppm Dissolved Oxy- 2 ppm1 ppm1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm genPhosphorus 2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm3.5 ppm3.5 ppm 4 ppm pH8 88 7.5 7 Turbidity40 - 50 upstream, 1 m downstream Clear - 1m1m40 cm 30 - 35 cm Riparian Zone 3 23 4 44.2.1 Salinity Levels in the Caboolture River Area Salinity is a measure of how much salt is in the water and is usually measured in parts per million units. Parts per million is how many grams of salt are dissolved per litre of water. It is a term used to describe the existence of elevated levels of different salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates and bicarbonates in soil and water and is usually formed from water tables rising close to the ground surface. The salinity of the selected areas of the Caboolture Region all displayed different results. From the results in the table there are a few limitations in which reason for each result. Taking the rst three sites all of which observed more river like features. Centenary Lakes displayed a very low content of salinity levels which may be a result from the human usage levels of this area, previous ooding and heavy rainfalls. Salinity can be inuenced by both natural and human inuences. Natural inuences include tidal stage, stratication of estuarine and rainfall. Human inuences include dam and river diversions, land development and water discharges. The results of Centenary Lakes are highly due to human inuences and the natural inuence of rainfall. Table 2: Salinity LevelsKeillors Cross-CabooltureLitherlandCentenary Beachmere ingRiver RoadCrossingLakes Boat RampSalinity 200 ppm300 ppm400 ppm 150 ppm 4250 ppm C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h10 11. Salinity Levels of Selected Sites of the Caboolture Area 5,000 3,750 2,500 1,2500 ng d g spkeinoa msi ssRaLarR sro roryat ve CC naBo Ri rsnd teilloreelaenertu erKe hmC lthooLi ac abBeC Figure 7: Salinity Levels of Selected Sites of the Caboolture Area There is an exceeding amount of salt found in Site 5 which was the Beachmere Boat Ramp as Beachmere is the mouth of the river and connects to ocean waters; therefore displaying higher levels of salt. Centenary Lakes measured only 150 ppm of salinity level found in its water. These results are not exactly accurate as only a sample was taken for Laboratory4.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Levels in the Caboolture River Area The dissolved oxygen levels in each site displayed very close results ranging from 1 ppm to 2 ppm. This displays that the levels of dissolved oxygen are not at appropriate levels for aquatic and plant life with Keillors Crossing displaying the highest level. This may due to a number of reasons: This area may be further away from industrial or residential sites. Less pollution found in this area as it is located further away from residential zones. The water used was only a sample for lab testing Table 3: Dissolved Oxygen Levels Keillors Cross-Caboolture Litherland Centenary Beachmere ingRiver Road Crossing Lakes Boat RampDissolved Oxy- 2 ppm 1 ppm1 ppm1 ppm 1 ppm genC a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 11 12. Dissolved Oxygen Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area 5.00 3.75 2.50 1.250 ng d g sp keinoamsiss RaLarR srorory at ve CC na BoRi rs nd teillore e la en er tuerKe m C l thooch Liab aBeC Figure 8: Dissolved Oxygen Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture AreaThe results in the graph above clearly shows the distinct relationship between the ve sites. Caboolture River Road, Litherland Crossing, Centenary Lakes and Beachmere Boat Ramp all shared similar results, leaving an inconsistency of the rst site of Keillors Crossing. As this site displays one unit higher than the other results, the dissolved oxygen levels differs greatly. For sh and aquatic organisms to live in the water of any area of the river, enough oxygen needs to be available for them to survive. In order for these aquatic organisms to survive the dissolved oxygen levels need to be at least 5-6 ppm which greatly affects the quality of the water. At Keillors Crossing sh would not be able to survive as there is not enough oxygen. A few limitations need to be considered from the results obtained such as the water tested in the Laboratory was only a sample which does not give very accurate results. Also, the period between the eld study excursion when the sample was obtained and the day it was tested was about a week in between which greatly affected the results. Moreover, oxygen affects a vast number of other water indicators, not only biochemical but esthetic ones like the odor, clarity and taste. Consequently, oxygen is perhaps the most well-established indicator of water quality. Source: (http://www.lenntech.com/why_the_oxygen_dissolved_is_imporant.html)C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 12 13. 4.2.3 Phosphorous Levels in the Caboolture River Area Phosphorous is a necessity in plant life, but an excessive or very limited amount can affect the sur- vival of both plant and animal life. If an excessive amount of phosphorous is found in the river, overstimulation will occur which will cause algae blooms.Table 4: Phosphorous Levels Keillors Cross-CabooltureLitherlandCentenary Beachmere ingRiver Road Crossing LakesBoat Ramp Phosphorus2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm 3.5 ppm 3.5 ppm4 ppmPhosphorous is certainly an important factor in determining water quality and is also one of the nutrients necessary for all aquatic organisms and life to survive water conditions. It stimulates plankton to provide food for sh which is a vital necessity for survival. Phosphorous is an essential element for plant life but if there is an excessive amount of it, it will speed up eutrophication of the river. From the table below an inconsistency was found in site 5; Beachmere Boat Ramp. An excessive amount of phosphorous will overstimulate the growth in the river which then reduces the quality of the water. This is a very important aspect of the river system and without it all aquatic plants and animals will die. Sites 1 and 2; Keillors Crossing and Caboolture River Road display a lower level of phosphorous than the other three sites. Phosphorus Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area 5.00 3.75 2.50 1.250ngd ngesp oam ksisiRaLarR s sroro y atveCCr na Bo Rirs ndtello re e laen er ltu ierKehmCthoo Liacab Be C Figure 9: Phosphorous Levels of Selected Sites of the Caboolture AreaC a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 13 14. 4.2.4 pH Levels in the Caboolture River Area The pH levels of all areas visited portrayed very similar results with a slight difference between Site 4 and Site 5. Centenary Lakes and Beachmere Boat Ramp displayed the most acidic of all areas. This may be due to the fact that both are more residential than any of the other sites visited. This largely affects the water as chemical run-off and pollutants from cars and other sources are able to run into the water.Table 5: pH Levels Keillors Cross- Caboolture LitherlandCentenary Beachmereing River Road CrossingLakes Boat Ramp pH 8 8 8 7.57The pH level of water is yet another aspect in maintaining water quality and help survival to aquatic organisms and life. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14 as previously mentioned; 0 being most acidic, values less than 7 being acidic and values above 7 being neutral. From the results in the graph below, Beachmere showed the most acidic water, then Centenary Lakes. The remaining sites displayed values of 8 which is slightly neutral and is a much positive result for aquatic life. Beachmere attained the lowest result of 7 which means its water differs in the form that it is the most acidic.pH Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area 10.07.55.02.50ng d ng es poa mksi si Ra LarRs s roroyat ve CC rnaBo Ri rsnd te lloreela ener ltu i erKe hmC th ooLi ac abBeC Figure 10: pH Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture AreaC a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 14 15. 4.2.5 Turbidity Levels in the Caboolture River Area Each site varied in turbidity levels of how cloudy, dirty or muddy the water appeared and some had closely similar results. Keillors Crossing, Caboolture River Road and Litherland Crossing were visually observed to have low turbidity levels as they were more natural sites across the Caboolture River; and Centenary Lakes and Beachmere were classied as being more closer to residential areas. The preliminary observations of the waters characteristics were primary ways in determining the turbidity level of the water, although to nd more accurate results a Secchi Dish was used to measure the water at each site. Table 6: Turbidity LevelsKeillors Cross- Caboolture Litherland Centenary Beachmereing River Road Crossing Lakes Boat Ramp Turbidity40 cm (1 m clear) 1 m Clear40 cm30 - 35 cm From the results in the table below, the turbidity levels in found at Centenary Lakes was exceed- ingly excessive. This is a result of the high level of residential zones surrounding the area and the human activity involved. Another reason for the high level of turbidity is from previous ooding and heavy rainfall. Mud was also found on the bank of the lake which made it much more evident of a high turbidity level. Beachmere also visually appeared to have a high but not excessive turbidity level, which also mud was evidently found on the bank of the river.Turbidity Levels of Selected Sites of Caboolture Area 40302010 0 ng dng es poa mk sisiRa La rRs s roro yat ve CC rna Bo Ri rs ndte lloree laener ltu ierKehmCth oo Li ac abBe C Figure 11: Turbidity Levels of Selected Sites in the Caboolture Area C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h15 16. 4.2.6 Riparian Disturbance Rating in the Caboolture River Area Riparian zones usually consist of vegetated areas on each bank of a body of water. The areas are considered effective natural barriers, which prevent agricultural pollution from being exported and contaminating the larger ecosystem. Vegetation is an important factor when it comes to rivers and specically the natural environment. Vegetation includes trees, plants, grasses, herbs, shrubs, rushes and hedges all of which are very vital aspects of river development. These areas prevent agricultural pollution from being exported and contaminating the larger ecosystem, as it works as a barrier around the river system. The Riparian Disturbance Ratings are rated on a scale from 1-4: 1: Very Low Disturbance 2: Low Disturbance 3: High Disturbance 4: Very High DisturbanceTable 7: Riparian Disturbance Rating Keillors Cross- CabooltureLitherland Centenary Beachmere ing River RoadCrossing Lakes Boat Ramp Riparian Zone 32 3 4 4The results in the table above, represent the level of vegetation disturbance towards selected river sites around the Caboolture Area. The disturbance may be a result of erosion, natural disasters or human activity to the area and its natural processes. The lower the disturbance rating, the better for the river and its health. Vegetation plays an extremely important part in a rivers water quality and health. It maintains the cleanliness of the water and sustains the habitat of all living organisms.Riparian Disturbance Rating of Selected Sites of Caboolture River 5.00 3.75 2.50 1.250ngd ngesp oam ksisiRaLarR s sroro y atveCCr na Bo Rirs ndtellore e laen er ltu ierKehmCth oo Liac ab BeC Figure 12: Riparian Disturbance Rating of Selected Sites of Caboolture RiverFrom the results shown below, Centenary Lakes and the Beachmere Boat Ramp had both displayed the highest disturbance rating of all sites. The answer to their vegetated disruptions are for the reason that both are very high residential areas in which are used for human related activities or usage. Centenary Lakes consists of cleared land on for the reasons that it is a human fabricated area for many different uses. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 16 17. 4.3 Health of the Caboolture River As a result of the eld study trip, the water quality of the Caboolture Area is currently at a reasonable level, but there is denitely room for improvement in all areas of water quality indicators. Of each of the indicators portrayed a widespread idea of the quality in each site, this then gave a better understanding and made it much more compliant to what indicators of the river need to be improved. Many limitations needed to be mindful of when reading each of the sites results. This includes aspects such as:- The period of when the results were taken to when they were tested in the laboratory - Only took samples - The area of which the site was located in (closer to residential areas, industrial plants, nearby ac- tivity etc)To facilitate the constitute of the Caboolture Rivers quality and health, a grade is given to each site to state the condition of the rivers water health levels. Listed below in the table is each site and its recommended grade.Table 8: Recommended Grade for each site SITE GRADE Keillors CrossingB- Caboolture River Road B-Litherland CrossingC+ Centenary Lakes D- Beachmere Boat RampDA grade is given to each site to aid in the understanding of each river sites water quality, which represents its health from good to bad. Keillors Crossing was awarded a B- as its overall water quality was good but there could have been room for improvement. A B- was given to Caboolture River Road as the results from the preliminary observations and many of the water quality indicators, this area displayed fairly good results. Litherland Crossing had been assigned a C+ as this area was also the same as the two previous sites but displayed less riparian zone and human construction. Centenary Lakes was designated a D- which means overall it didnt display very positive results and could denitely be improved. Beachmere Boat Ramp which is the mouth of the river, was awarded a D as its over results did not reach the required standards and could also be improved.C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 17 18. 5 Analysis of Proposed Land Use OptionsThe Moreton Bay Regional Council is heavily committed to helping preserve the health of the wa- terways within its boundaries and have proposed three possible land use options for the selected area shown on the map below. Figure 13: Proposed Land AreaThis area needs to take part in the contribution in the maintenance of the Caboolture River and its health. The three proposals made by the Moreton Bay Regional Council includes the following: Residential Zone Industrial Precinct Nature ReserveThe decision between one of the three area needs to contribute greatly to towards the Caboolture River to obtain improved results. The most suitable option should address positive affects towards not only the river itself but the economy, society and the environment. These factors must all be examined to satisfy the wider community and help in the improvement of the Caboolture River water system. Each option additionally need to consider future requirements and whether or not they have long term benets or disadvantages. Before any action can be taken a critical analysis of each option needs to be examined.C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 18 19. 5.1 Analysis of a Residential Zone Applying a Residential Zone to the proposed area would greatly affect a number of factors includ- ing the economy, society and most importantly the environment of the proposed land area and its surroundings. Residential areas consist of buildings and houses and includes continuous human activity and living in order for it to come about. Because human activity is going to be more ele- vated, an excessive amount of rubbish, pollutants and residential wastes will become much more controversial. To overcome this issue, Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices will require to be integrated allowing to assist in the removal of pollution.Although generating new homes for more people to live, human activity is one of the main reasons for unhealthy river systems. Environmentally speaking, a residential zone greatly affects the health and quality of the river by disposing wastes and all non-environmental friendly aspects. Much of the land would be used to acreage land for housing and buildings all of which will not benet to- wards the health of the river.This option also becomes very benecial on the economy and to a certain extent on the social per- spective. As mentioned previously, purchasing of the land would not cause a dilemma; so costs arent much of an issue, but for society it is creating homes for people to live. Although this is use- ful for the community, it is not useful for the main purpose of maintaining the rivers health system. 5.2 Analysis of an Industrial Precinct The option of applying an Industrial Precinct is most likely to disadvantage the surrounding envi- ronment but may benet to parts of society. Similar to option 1, this option includes the non- purchasing of land for the Moreton Bay Regional Council as they would receive the money back in return from the government.Although that may be seen as an advantage, the aim of the proposal is to help maintain the health of the river and its surroundings which is greatly disadvantaged if applying an industrial precinct as the water of the river will be contaminated. Not only does an Industrial precinct affect the river sys- tem, but also disadvantages the health of humans and the surrounding environment such as smoke and chemicals. The type of company would also be dependent on altering the rivers health. The design of an industrial area is that it would create more jobs for people.This option would also be in need of helping control pollutants and human wastes and which is why a Stormwater Quality Improvement Device (SQID) would need to be established. This device will help remove all pollutants and residential rubbish which harm the waters health. Applying an Industrial Precinct to the proposed area would help keep the industry together such as Morayeld, Caboolture. 5.3 Analysis of a Nature Reserve Although it may seem clear that applying a nature reserve is the most effective in helping improve the health and quality of the Caboolture River, there are also many indicators which need to be considered before going ahead with the idea. This option is very different to the other two options economically, but displays many ethical benets compared to the others. In order for this option to go ahead the Moreton Bay Regional Council would have to buy land and all vegetation necessary for the nature reserve. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h19 20. A nature reserve is one of the most natural and effective ways to help maintain the sustainability of the Caboolture River. This option would suit best for the community as it provides a positive impact towards the community and applying the other two options displays a number of disadvantages such as the cause of conict thus is why this option benets to the community.The heath of the Caboolture River in future would be promised to be improved if this option were to be proposed. It would help maintain the rivers biodiversity and fabricate a healthy riparian zone which distinctively means an improvement in a healthy river system. The natural vegetation of the reserve will work with nature and life so that there is no decrease within the waters quality. 6. Recommendations for Best Land Use OptionAfter an analysis of the three possible land use options, evidently all three display certain indica- tors which are seen as either benecial or deprived to the Caboolture Area and its wider commu- nity, although the purpose of the Land Use proposal is to assist in maintaining the Caboolture River.The most recommended possibility would evidently have to be Option 3; Nature Reserve. Alternatively, this option is the most suitable option when in view of the Caboolture Rivers health. It is a much more environmentally friendly resource and would substantially help in the improvement of the river system. This option would cause less stress and conict as it would all come naturally in the process of improving the waters health system instead of having to worry about human activities. It is better to have an option which will cause no conict rather than to have one which will. A nature reserve is the best land use option for the proposed area (See map; Figure 13). 7. ConclusionAs the maintenance of the Caboolture River is an important aspect of the Moreton Bay Regional Council, it is important that all indicators are achieved to their appropriate levels to keep the river system healthy and to obtain a healthier environment. The eld study excursion was a very vital examination in helping determine which areas and what areas of the Caboolture River needed reviewing. The excursion was a very helpful element in the recommendation of the best possible option for the proposed land area used to preserve the natural processes of the Caboolture River and its community.Each site displayed altered divergent results which was very useful in piecing together the necessary information needed to assist in the preservation of the water health. Keillors Crossing, Caboolture River Road and Litherland Crossing differed to that of Centenary Lakes and Beachmere Boat Ramp in most cases of the water quality indicators. This helps fabricate new benecial ideas for the proposed land use area and discourage any negative information.For the proposed land area, option 3 was found to be the best possible land use option as it had many benecial aspects contributing towards the Caboolture River water system. C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h20 21. References Happs, J. C. (1977). Water Pollution And Its Measurement: A Practical Guide For Use In Schools. Brisbane: The Jacaranda Press. Date viewed: Wednesday, 20 May 2009 Dissolved Oxygen Resource: Why is is important? Aqua Plant (Note: American Source) Date viewed: Saturday, 16 May 2009 4:33 pm Last updated: http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/contents/dissolved_oxygen.htmPhosphorous Resource: What does it do to rivers? Science Buzz is supported by the National Science Foundation. Copyright Science Museum of Minnesota, 2004-2009, except where noted. http://www.sciencebuzz.org/museum/saint_croix_pollution/what_does_phosphorus_do_in_ the_riverRiparian Zone Resource: Date viewed: Friday, 15 May 2009 9:38 am Last updated: Wed, 06 Feb 2008 14:31:46 GMT http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/ope3/slideshows/angier/jashow.htmSalinity Resource: The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Resource Management) 2009. Date viewed: Friday, 15 May 2009 9:40 am Last updated 20 October 2008. http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/salinity/whatis.htmlTurbidity Resources: (Source: Cuyahoga River Water Quality Monitoring Program, Cleveland State University) Date viewed: Friday, 15 May 2009, 10:05 am Last updated: unknown http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/fenlewis/Waterquality.html http://www.lenntech.com/turbidity.htm C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h21 22. AppendicesAppendix A - Centenary LakesCentenary Lakes is a high residential area as shown in the photograph below. The presence of parks, chairs, roads, signs and the design of the vegetation clearly represents the area as residen- tial. For these reasons, Centenary Lakes differs greatly to that of the other sites. Photograph of Centenary Lakes by Damien Ackroyd, 7 May 2009 C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h22 23. Appendix B - Title Page Image The image shown on the title page is Caboolture River Road; Site 2. Photograph of Caboolture River Road by Damien Ackroyd, 7 May 2009C a b o o l t u r e R i v e r Wa t e r H e a l t h 23