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GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT ON HEALTH
-: Dr. Gulrukh Hashmi
“In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments; there are only consequences”
—Robert Green Ingersoll
Overview Defination Greenhouse effect Impact on health Heat stress Respiratory illnesses Vector borne diseases Water borne diseases Disasters Mental health Recommendations
GLOBAL WARMING
•Global warming is the increase in the average
measured temperature of the Earth.
• It is mainly caused by “Greenhouse Effect”.
Global warming
Nitrous oxide from exhausts
of cars, disposal of waste and
fertilizer use.
methane released from paddy field, marshes, animal husbandry and
landfills
Carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels,
power stations, deforestation
• Without greenhouse gases the temperature of earth
would average around 33º C.
• Due to increased greenhouse gases in atmosphere
there has been 0.8 ºC rise in global temperature.
• Within next 100 years the temperature could rise upto
5 ºC.
Impact of global warming on health
Changes due to global warming
Impact on Human Health
Warmer Temperatures and stagnant air masses
Increased risk of heat strokes ,heat exhaustion Changes in vector borne transmitted diseases
•Heavy precipitation events • Floods•Water pollution
Intense weather events (Cyclones, Storms)
Loss of Life, injuries, life long handicaps. Diseases outbreak.
• overcrowding, poor sanitation.
• Air pollution Respiratory illnesses
• Ozone depletion •Increased skin cancers and cataracts
• Globally there are 150,000 deaths and 5million deaths
attributed to global warming.
• Global loss of 5.5 million Disability Adjusted life
Years (DALYs).
• South East Asian countries contributing to loss of 2.5
million DALYs.
• In India, about 27% DALYs lost and about 30%
deaths.
•Heat waves
•Air pollution
•Ozone
depletion
• Heat stroke•Heat exhaustion •Respiratory diseases•Cardio-vascular illness•Skin cancers•Cataracts
HEAT STRESS• Episodes of extreme heat have been associated with increased
mortality.
• Frequency of hot days and multiple-day heatwaves has
increased in past century
• Extreme heatwaves causes more harm to elderly people and
young children.
• City dwellers are most affected due to “urban heat island
effect” .
•For every 1ºC increase above 29ºC there was 3.94%
increase in mortality.
• 14,800 deaths in France due to heatwaves in August 2003.
• 18 heatwaves were reported in India between 1980 & 1998
causing 1300 deaths.
• The year 2010 was recorded as hottest year in india with
temperature reaching 50 ºC
Year Number of deaths
1998 2000
1999 91
2000 29
2003 3000
2012 200
Death toll due to heat waves in India
RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES
• Increase in temperature speeds the process of smog
formation.
• Rising carbon dioxide causes plants to produce more
pollens.
• Exposure causes
Increased irritation of eyes, throats and lungs.
Triggers asthma attacks
Premature deaths from ground-level ozone
EXPOSURE TO UV RAYS• Excessive solar UVR exposure has caused the loss of
approximately 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years
(DALYs) (0.1% of the total global burden of disease)
and 60,000 premature deaths in the year 2000.
• The greatest burden is by UV induced
cortical cataracts,
cutaneous malignant melanoma
sunburn
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
• Global warming causing heat stress affects both
indoor and outdoor worker.
• Working in hot environments causes
diminished ability to carry out physical tasks,
diminishes mental task ability,
Increases accident risk
Leads to heat exhaustion or heatstroke
•Warmer temp
• Disturbed rainfall
patterns
•Increased
precipitation
Vector borne diseases
VECTOR BORNE DISEASES• The distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases such
as malaria is influenced by the spread of vectors and the
climate dependence of the infectious pathogens.
• The insect-borne infectious diseases strongly modulated
by global warming include
malaria,
dengue fever
schistosomiasis
• Climate change is likely to expand the geographical
distribution of several vector-borne diseases, including
malaria, dengue and leishmaniasis to higher altitudes
• India has about 2 million confirmed cases of malaria per
year while 15000 die from it per year
• 65% cases are reported from Orissa, Jharkand, Madhya
Pradesh, Chattisgarh, West Bengal and Northeast
• Globally greater than 200-400 million
population will be at risk by 2020.
• In India there will be
shift to south western and northern states
transmission will increase in western states
new foci will be in Himalayan regions
Increased intensity in northeastern states.
•Heavy rainfall
•Droughts
•Cyclones,tornadoes
• Water borne diseases:
Cholera, diarrhea,
• Malnutrition
•Human displacement
leading to
overcrowding, poor
sanitation
WATERBORNE DISEASES
• Water borne diseases can occur both in droughts and due
to floods.
• Poor sanitation and hygiene can also contribute to the
disease.
• Vibrio species also proliferate. in warm marine waters
• For every 1ºC rise in temperature cases of diarrhea
increased by 8%
WATER BORNE DISEASES
• Diarrheal diseases alone causes more than 2 million
deaths globally.
• Accounts for 4.8% of DALYs of total global burden
of diseases.
• In India, the figures for estimated disability adjusted
life years (DALY) lost were 23,801,447 in 2006 and
by 2016, 21,486,636 DALYs are projected .
NATURAL DISASTERS• Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two
decades.
• In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and
tropical cyclones have the greatest impact in South Asia and
Latin America.
• Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries, infectious
diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems
• Serious and recurrent floods in Bangladesh, Nepal
and north-east states of India during 2002, 2003
and 2004
• A record 944 mm of rainfall in Mumbai, India on
26 to 27 July 2005 led to loss of over 1,000 lives
with loss of more than US$250 million
• Floods in Surat, Barmer and in Srinagar during
summer monsoon season of 2006.
• The effects of drought on health
include
decreased food crop production
and water availability
malnutrition (undernutrition,
protein-energy malnutrition
and/or micronutrient
deficiencies)
infectious diseases
• Population displacement can lead to
overcrowding
a lack of safe water, food and shelter
Increased levels of stress causing increase in
psychiatric illnesses.
Mental health
• Increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with
implications for child growth and development;
• Increased deaths, disease and injury due to heatwaves, floods,
storms, fires and droughts;
• Increased burden of diarrhoeal disease;
• Mixed effects on the range and transmission potential of malaria;
• Increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher
concentrations of ground-level ozone related to climate change;
• Altered spatial distribution of some infectious-disease vectors.
(IPCC Fifth Assessment report)
Recommendations
• Environmental monitoring and surveillance
• Geospatial technology
• Human and technical capacity
Conclusion
• The risk of global warming is substantial
• There should be more studies to assess the linkages between
global warming and specific health outcomes especially in
India.
• There is need to develop integrated survellience system to
identify vulnerable regions.
• Effective education measures to spread awareness regarding
global warming.
References• IPCC, 2007: climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and
vulnerability,contribution of working group II to the fourth assesssment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change,cambridge university press,cambridge,uk.
• WHO: climate change and human health - risk and responses
• Kathleen F. Bush, Impacts of climate change on public Health in India: Future Research Directions.
• Nitesh Dogra, Sangeet Srivastava : Climate Change and Diseases Dynamics In India, executive summary, Energy and Resources Institute.
• Indur M. Goklany. Global Health Threats: Global Warming in Perspective. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 14(3);2009;69-75
References• Patz and Olson. Climate change and health: global to local
influences on diseases risk. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology;100(5-6),535-549 (2006).
• Andrew K. Githeko. Climate change and vector-borne diseases:a regional analysis.Special Theme – Environment and Health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78(9)
Thank you