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The Modern Atomic TheoryHow it all began
Large Hadron Collider
Atom• An atom has three parts:• Proton = positive• Neutron = no charge• Electron = negative• The proton & neutron are
found in the center of the atom, a place called the nucleus.
• The electrons orbit the nucleus.
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Empedocles(later supported by Aristotle)
ATOMOS!
Democritus (with Leucippus)
ATOMS!
John Dalton
Dalton Atom
Indivisible hard sphere
Dalton’s Model
• Dalton proposed a modern atomic modelbased on experimentation not on pure reason.– All matter is made of atoms.– Atoms of an element are identical.– Each element has different atoms.– Atoms of different elements combine in constant
ratios to form compounds.– Atoms are rearranged in reactions.
Indivisible? Not convinced!
Experiment!
Sir Joseph John Thomson
Cathode rays are negatively charged!
• J.J. Thomson• --discovered sub-atomic particles common to
all elements in cathode ray tube experiments• --named negatively charged particles with very
little mass electrons
Electron
Positively Charged Sphere
Thomson Atom (1899)
Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
Raisin Bread Model of the Atom
Electrons!
Sir Joseph John Thomson
Only electrons? Let’s do an
experiment!
Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford
• --designed alpha-particle scattering experiment using radioactive source and gold foil
• --observed that most particles passed through foil undeflected, some slightly deflected and a very few reflected
• --concluded that Thomson's model was incorrect• MODEL: "nuclear" atom : positive, very small center
of atom is nucleus containing protons; electrons move around nucleus like planets around sun; atom is mostly empty space
Ernest RutherfordHans Geiger Ernst Marsden
Gold Foil Experiment
Positively Charged(2 protons and
2 neutrons)
Gold Foil Experiment or Geiger-Marsden Experiment
A New Model of the Atom
Expected based onPlum pudding model
Rutherford’s modelBased on results
ElectronElectron
Nucleus
Rutherford Atom (1911)
Charged Nucleus!
Ernest Rutherford
What about the electrons?
Let’s take a look again!
Niels Bohr
Bohr Atom (1913)
Electrons move in orbits
(energy levels)!
Niels Bohr
I DISCOVERED NEUTRONS!
Sir James Chadwick
Particles in orbits? Can we
see them? Really?
Erwin Schrödinger
WAVE BEHAVIOR FTW!
Werner Heisenberg
Wave? Particle? BOTH!
Electron cloud FTW!
Erwin Schrödinger
Mentors and Mentees
Evolution of Modern Atomic Models