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Grammar BookSpanish 31st PeriodCesar McKeeth
Table of Contents1. Presente -ar -er -ir2. Stem Changers3. Irregulars -go -zco -yo4. Saber vs Conocer5. Reflexives6. 'se' impersonal7. Dipthongs8. Verbs like... Uir/guir9. Verbs like...Cer/cir10. Verbs like...Ger/gir11. Hace + __ + que +
present/presente
12. Imperfecto◦ Irregulars◦ Trigger Words
13. Preterito◦ Irregular Car/ Gar/ Zar◦ Spock Verbs◦ Cucaracha◦ Snakes/Snakeys◦ Trigger Words
14. Comparatives/Superlatives
15. Future◦ Irregulars◦ Trigger Words
Presente –ar –er –ir endings
• ER-o-es-e-emos-éis-en
• IR-o-es-e-imos-ís-en
• AR-o-as-a-amos-áis-an
(Present Tense Verbs)
Stem Changers
Does not change in the nosotros or vosotros form. Changes the middle of the words e -> ie
u -> ueo -> ue
Irregulars -go -zco -yoThe irregular
present verbs change in the ‘yo’ form.
-go: ◦Caer - Caigo◦Decir - Digo◦Hacer - Hago◦Oir - Oigo◦Poner - Pongo◦Tener - Tengo◦Traer - Trago
◦Venir - Vengo
-zco: ◦Conocer - Conozco◦Producir - Produzco◦Conducir - Conduzco
-yo: ◦Ser - Soy◦Estar - Estoy◦ Ir - Voy◦Saber - Se◦Dar - Doy
Saber vs ConocerSaber and conocer both mean
“to know” in English. Saber is used to express knowledge about facts, while conocer is used to express knowledge about places and people.
Both Saber and Conocer have irregular yo forms: Sé and Conozco
ReflexivesReflexives are used when the subject and
object is the same.Reflexive verbs have a subject pronoun
added before the conjugated verb: Yo lavo > yo me lavo
Tú lavas > Tú te lavasme (myself)te (yourself)se (himself, herself, yourself)nos (ourselves)os (yourselves)se (themselves, yourselves)
Impersonal ‘se’Impersonal ‘se’ is used when the
subject us not important or unknown; A general statement.
DipthongsDipthongs are the strong and
weak vowels that are represented in words. When two vowels are next to each other, one is weak while the other is strong. The strong vowel is emphasized in the pronunciation.
Verbs like... Uir/guir
Example Conjugation for -guir:◦Conseguir
Consigo Consigues Consigue Consigimos Consiguen
Example Conjugation for uir:◦Atribuir
Atribuyo Atribuyes Atribuye Atribuimos Atribuyen
AtribuirConcluirConstruirContribuir
DestruirDistribuirExcluirIncluir
Verbs like...Cer/cir
Example Conjugation for -cer:◦ Conocer
Conozco Conoces Conoce Conocemos Conocen
Example Conjugation for cir:◦ Decir
Digo Dices Dice Dicemos Decin
ConvencerEsparcirEjercerCoercer
MecerRemecerVencerZurcir
Verbs like...Ger/girThe yo form of ger and gir verbs
changes the g to a j. Every other form uses a g.
Example conjugation:◦Coger
Cojo Coges Coge Cogemos Cogeis Cogen
Hace + __ + que + present/presente
The Hacer expressions are formed by saying hace + a time length + que + present tense verb. They are used to state how long an action is taking.
ImperfectoImperfecto tense is used to show
an action that is not yet completed.
-Ar-aba-abas-aba-ábamos-abáis-aban
-Er / -Ir-ía-ías-ía-íamos-íais-ían
Conjugation
PreteritePast tenseKnown beginning/and or ending“snapshot” of time
Conjugation:-ARÉAsteÓAmosAron
-ER/IRÍIsteIóImosieron
Trigger WordsAyerAnocheAnteayerLas semana pasadaEl mes pasadoEl ano pasadoEl fin de semana pasada
Los irregularesCar Gar ZarChange in the preterite yo formCar > QuéGar > gué Zar > cé
SpockHacer: -hacer, hice, hiciste, hizo,
hicimos, hicieronIr/Ser: - fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos,
fueronDar/Ler: - d/vi, d/viste, d/vio,
d/vimos, d/vimos, d/vieron
CucarachaAndar/andujveEstar/EstuvePoder/PudePoner/PuseGuerer/GuiseSaber/SupeTener/TuveVenir/VineConducir/CondujeProducir/Produje
Traducir/TradujeEIsteOImosIeronIf j, take I off of
ieron.
Snake/SnakeySnakes
◦Dormir Dormí Dormiste Durmío Dormimos Durmieron
Snakeys◦Leer
Leí Leiste Leimos Leyó Leyeron
ComparativesSuperiority
◦más + (adjective/adverb) + que Más + bonita + que
Inferiority◦menos + (adjective/adverb) + que
Menos + alto + que
Equality◦ tan + (adjective/adverb) + como
As + tall + as
◦ tanto + (noun) + como As many/much + money + as
SuperlativesSuperlatives compare two things
as well, but it is the greatest degree of comparison.
El/La + noun + mas/menos + adjective + de
FuturoVivirEstarComerAdd below after ending of infinitive.-é-ás-á-emos-án
Futuro: Irregular StemDecir: Dir to sayHaber: Habr there to be, to haveHacer: Har to make, doPoder: Podr to put, place, setQuerer: Querr to want, loveSaber: Sabr to know a factSalir: Saldr to leave, go outTener: Tendr to haveValer: Valdr to be worthVenir: Vendr to come
Preterite vs. ImperfectThe preterite is used for actions in the past
that are seen as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.
The imperfect is used for actions in the past that are not seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a definite end.
Future vs. ConditionalFuture tense is used to express
‘will’ in the future.Conditional tense is used to
express you ‘would’ in the future.Both tenses keep the infinitive
verb and add their endings to it.
Por vs. Para Por
◦ Approximate time or duration(for, during, in, per)
◦ Movement (along, through, by, via, around)
◦ Manner or means (by)◦ Exchange (for, in
exchange for)◦ Purpose (for, because
of, on behalf of, for the sake of)
◦ Duration◦ Por + infinitive =
because of, or for reason for
Para
◦ Destination (for, to)
◦ A purpose, goal, or objective (for, by)
◦ A point of view (for)
◦ A point of reference or comparison (for)
◦ Para + infinitive = in order to (verb)
Informal ‘tú’ CommandsInformal commands are used
among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
Negative Conjugation:◦Take the infinitive, change the
ending to opposite vowel, drop the ‘r’, and add an ‘s’ at the end.
Affirmative Conjugation:◦Take the infinitive and drop the ‘r’
Present Perfect TenseThe present perfect is formed by
combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.
Conjugation:◦He + verb + ‘ido’ or ‘ado’◦Has + verb + ‘ido’ or ‘ado’◦Ha + verb + ‘ido’ or ‘ado’◦Hemos + verb + ‘ido’ or ‘ado’◦Han + verb + ‘ido’ or ‘ado’
Double Object PronounsDirect Object Pronouns are placed either
directly before a verb or attached to an infinitive. If the letter l occurs as the first letter of both the indirect object pronoun (le, les) and the direct object pronoun (lo, la, los, las), the indirect object pronoun is changed to se.
Me - yoTe - túlo, la – el, ellaNos - nosotroslos, las – ellos, ellas