Groups 2010.09: Free/Open Spectrum (Digital Sustainability)

Open SpectrumWEIDEN AUF DER DIGITALEN ALLMEND

Sonntag, 28. November 2010

Überblick


Überblick

☞ Elektromagnetisches Spektrum


Überblick


☞Was man damit macht


Überblick


☞Was man damit macht

☞Was man besser machen könnte


Elektromagnetisches Spektrum


Elektromagnetisches Spektrum

Ein imaterielles Gut?


U.S. DEPARTMENT O F C O MMERCE

NATIO

NA

L TELEC

OM

M

UN I C ATI O NS & INF O RM ATION

AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIO

N

MOBI

LE (A

ERON

AUTIC

AL TE

LEME

TERI

NG)

S)

5.68

5.73

5.90

5.95

6.2

6.52

5

6.68

56.

765

7.0

7.1

7.3

7.35

8.1

8.19

5

8.81

5

8.96

59.

040

9.4

9.5

9.9

9.99

510

.003

10.0

0510

.110

.15

11.1

7511

.275

11.4

11.6

11.6

5

12.0

512

.10

12.2

3

13.2

13.2

613

.36

13.4

113

.57

13.6

13.8

13.8

714

.014

.25

14.3

5

14.9

9015

.005

15.0

1015

.10

15.6

15.8

16.3

6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

.99

25.0

0525

.01

25.0

725

.21

25.3

325

.55

25.6

726

.126

.175

26.4

826

.95

26.9

627

.23

27.4

127

.54

28.0

29.7

29.8

29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM

NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND

ACTIVITY CODE

NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED

MARITIME MOBILEFIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)Ae

ronau

tical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)

MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)

Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)

AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)

AeronauticalMobile

Aeron

autic

al Mo

bile

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AER

ONAU

TICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE AeronauticalRadionavigation

MOB

ILE (D

ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE(S

HIPS

ONL

Y)

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

BROADCASTING(AM RADIO)

MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MOB

ILE (D

ISTRE

SS AN

D CA

LLIN

G)

MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

ALSp

ace R

esea

rch MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (O

R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

FIXED

MOBILE**

Radio-location

FIXED

MOBI

LE*

AMATEUR

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXEDMARITIME

MOBILE

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LEST

ANDA

RD FR

EQ. A

ND TI

ME SI

GNAL

(500

0 KHZ

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

MOBILE**

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R) FIXE

DMO

BILE

*

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR) FIX

EDMo

bile

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile

MARIT

IME M

OBILE

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXE

D

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

0,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rchAE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile* AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(OR)

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YMo

bile*

AMAT

EUR

BROA

DCAS

TING

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR S

ATEL

LITE

Mobil

e*FIX

ED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

Mobil

eFIX

ED

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

Mob

ile*

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch LA

ND M

OBILE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

MOB

ILE**

RAD

IO A

STRO

NOMY

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

MOB

ILE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOB

ILE**

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOB

ILERa

dio A

stron

omy

RADIO

AST

RONO

MYLA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LEMOBIL

E

MOBILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBIL

E

LANDMOBILE AMATEUR

BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 2-4)

FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

EDMO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION


BROADCASTING(FM RADIO)


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

AMAT

EUR


MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE SATELLITE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

STD.

FREQ

. & TI

ME SI

GNAL

SAT.

(400.1

MHz

)ME

T. SAT

.(S-

E)SP

ACE R

ES.

(S-E)

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellite

(E-S

)

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(E-S

)FIX

EDMO

BILE

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NAm

ateur

LAND

MOB

ILE

MeteorologicalSatellite (S-E)

LAND

MOB

ILEBR

OADC

ASTIN

G(TV

CHAN

NELS

14 - 2

0)


TV BROADCASTINGRADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

FIXED

Amate

ur


MOBI

LE**

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADIO

NAVIG

ATION

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

onMA

RITIM

ERA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Radio

locati

on

Radiolocation

Radiolocation

RADIO-LOCATION RADIO-

LOCATION

Amateur

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

N(G

round

)RA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

Radio

-loc

ation

AERO

. RAD

IO-NA

V.(Gro

und)

FIXED

SAT.

(S-E)

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

NRa

dio-

locati

on

FIXED

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION MO

BILE

FIXED

MOBIL

E

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

Spac

e Res

earch

(Pas

sive)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

NRa

dio-

locati

onRA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

onRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

N

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

METE

OROL

OGIC

ALAID

S

Amate

urAm

ateur

FIXED

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)MO

BILE

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)MO

BILE

FIXED FIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

MOBIL

E

FIXED

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (E

-S)

FIXED

Fixed

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)FIX

ED SA

TELLI

TE (S

-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (S-

E)Mo

bileSa

tellite

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)(no

airbo

rne)

Mobile

Satell

ite(E-

S)(no

airborn

e)

Mobile

Sate

llite (S

-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)EA

RTH E

XPL.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

EART

H EXP

L.SA

T. (S-E

)

EART

H EXP

L.SA

TELLI

TE (S

-E)

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H (S-

E)(de

ep sp

ace on

ly)SP

ACE R

ESEA

RCH

(S-E

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

on

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION Me

teorol

ogica

lAid

sRA

DIONA

VIGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

onAm

ateur

Amate

urAm

ateur

Satel

liteRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXE

DFIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

Mobile **SP

ACE R

ESEA

RCH

(Passi

ve)EA

RTH

EXPL

.SA

T. (Pa

ssive

)RA

DIOAS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH (P

assiv

e)EA

RTH

EXPL

.SA

TELL

ITE (P

assiv

e)RA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

Y

BROA

DCAS

TING

SATE

LLITE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL R

ADION

AV.

Spac

e Res

earch

(E-S)

SpaceResearch

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S)

Radio

-loc

ation

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

N

RADIO

NAVIG

ATION FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (E

-S)

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S

)

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S)

Fixed

Mobil

eFIX

ED SA

T. (E

-S)

Fixed

Mobil

eFIX

ED

Mobil

eFIX

ED

MOBIL

ESp

ace R

esearc

hSp

ace R

esea

rch

Spac

e Res

earch

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive

)RA

DIO A

STRO

NOMY

EART

H EXP

L. SA

T.(Pa

ssive

)

Radio

locatio

nRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

Radio

locati

on

FX S

AT (E

-S)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (E

-S)FI

XED

FIXED

FIXE

DMO

BILE

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

MOBI

LE

Earth

Expl.

Satell

ite (Ac

tive)

Stand

ardFre

quen

cy an

dTim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(E-S)

Earth

Explo

ration

Satel

lite(S-

S)MO

BILE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFI

XED

Earth

Explo

ration

Satell

ite (S-

S)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DSA

T (E

-S)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (E

-S)

MOBIL

E SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE(E

-S)

Stand

ardFre

quen

cy an

dTim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(S-E)

Stand

. Freq

uenc

yan

d Tim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(S-E)

FIXED

MOBIL

E

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)EA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

SPAC

E RE

..(P

assiv

e)EA

RTH E

XPL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DMO

BILE

Mobil

eFi

xedFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

BROA

D-CA

STIN

GBC

STSA

T.

FIXED

MOBIL

E

FXSA

T(E-

S)MO

BILE

FIXE

D

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITEFI

XED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

MOBIL

ESA

TELLI

TE (E

-S)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

D

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE(Pa

ssive)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

T. (P

assiv

e)

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITERA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CHFI

XED

MOBILE

F IXED

MOBILESATELLITE

(E-S)

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITERA

DIONA

VIGAT

ION

RADIO

-NA

VIGAT

ION

SATE

LLITE

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE F IXEDSATELLITE

(E-S)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

Amate

urSa

tellite

Amate

urRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

MOBIL

EFIX

EDMO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDBR

OAD-

CAST

ING

SATE

LLITE

BROA

D-CA

STIN

G

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

MOBILE

FIXE

D

MOBIL

EFIX

EDRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION

Radio-location

EART

H E

XPL.

SATE

LLITE

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H(P

assiv

e)

FIXE

DFI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E(S

-E)

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

FIXED

MOBILE

MOBI

LEINT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

RADIO-LOCATION

INTER-SATELLITE

Radio-location

MOBILE

MOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION


AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

Amate

urAm

ateur

Satel

liteRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE(S

-E)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE (P

assiv

e)SP

ACE R

ES.

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RES

.(P

assiv

e)

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

October 2003

MOBIL

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0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz

THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray

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ateur

RADI

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ATIO

N

SPAC

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..(S-E

)

MOBIL

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TIME

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LLITE

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)

Amate

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t (s-e)

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urMO

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(S-E)(

E-S)

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FIXED

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ation

RADIO

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AT.(E

-S)

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le**

Fixe

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FX S

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L M S

at(E-S

)

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AL R

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NRA

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ION

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e Re

s.(ac

t.)

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ation

Radio

loc.

RADIO

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l Sat

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e Re

s.Ra

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ation

BCST

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ITE

(S-E

)MO

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SAT.

(S-E)

FX S

AT (S

-E)

MOBI

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ATEL

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(S-E

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(S-E

)ST

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EQ. &

TIME

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T (S-E

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H EX

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ation

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ITE

(E-S

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MOBIL

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ITE (E

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FIXE

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ITE

(E-S

)

MOBI

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XED

Earth

Ex

plorat

ionSa

tellite

(S

-S)

std fre

q &

time

e-e-sa

t (s-s

)MO

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-e-sa

tMO

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ERE

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eep s

pace

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TER-

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pace

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arth

)

SPAC

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S.

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ITE

MOBIL

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TELL

ITE

MOBI

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t (s -

e)SP

ACE

RES

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(S-E

)

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)

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ION

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(Pas

sive)

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ES.

MOB

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TER

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E

INTER

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TRA

DIO-

LOC.

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FIXE

DEA

RTH

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ORAT

ION

SAT. (

Passi

ve)

MOBIL

EFI

XED

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITEFI

XED

MOBI

LE**

MOB

ILE*

*INT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

OLOC

.Am

ateur Am

ateu

r Sat

.Am

ateur

RADI

OLOC

.AM

ATEU

R SA

TAM

ATEU

RRA

DIOL

OC.

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITESP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Passi

ve)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

Amatu

erFI

XED

MO-

BILE

INTER

-SA

T.SP

ACE

RES.

E A R T

H EX

PL . SA

T

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

INTER

-SAT.

INTER

-SAT.

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FX-S

AT (S

- E)

BCST

- SAT

.B-

SAT.

MOB*

*FX

-SAT

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH

SPAC

ERE

S..

This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.



NATIO

NA

L TELEC

OM

M


AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIO

N

MOBI

LE (A

ERON

AUTIC

AL TE

LEME

TERI

NG)

S)

5.68

5.73

5.90

5.95

6.2

6.52

5

6.68

56.

765

7.0

7.1

7.3

7.35

8.1

8.19

5

8.81

5

8.96

59.

040

9.4

9.5

9.9

9.99

510

.003

10.0

0510

.110

.15

11.1

7511

.275

11.4

11.6

11.6

5

12.0

512

.10

12.2

3

13.2

13.2

613

.36

13.4

113

.57

13.6

13.8

13.8

714

.014

.25

14.3

5

14.9

9015

.005

15.0

1015

.10

15.6

15.8

16.3

6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

.99

25.0

0525

.01

25.0

725

.21

25.3

325

.55

25.6

726

.126

.175

26.4

826

.95

26.9

627

.23

27.4

127

.54

28.0

29.7

29.8

29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED


MARITIMEMOBILE


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)Ae

ronau

tical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)


AeronauticalMobile

Aeron

autic

al Mo

bile

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ONAV

IGAT

ION

AER

ONAU

TICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

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MOBI


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ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

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HIPS

ONL

Y)

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)


MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MOB

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ISTRE

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D CA

LLIN

G)

MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED STAN

DARD

FREQ

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AL (2

500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

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. AND

TIME

SIGN

ALSp

ace R

esea

rch MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

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STAN

DARD

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.

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Radio-location

FIXED

MOBI

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AMATEUR

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXEDMARITIME

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MOBI

LEST

ANDA

RD FR

EQ. A

ND TI

ME SI

GNAL

(500

0 KHZ

)

AERO

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TING

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(OR) FIX

EDMo

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LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

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FIXED

Mobile

MARIT

IME M

OBILE

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

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)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

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(OR)

FIXE

D

BROA

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TING

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DARD

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. AND

TIME

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AL (1

0,000

kHz)

STAN

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(R)

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TIME

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AERO

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MOB

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AL M

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(R)

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DARD

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ace R

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TIME

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LE

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AERO

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TIME

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FIXED

FIXED

Mob

ile*

MOB

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DARD

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. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

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ace R

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IO A

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TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

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ND M

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MOB

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MOB

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MOB

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FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

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MOB

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AMAT

EUR

AMAT

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SATE

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MOB

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LAND

MOB

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MOBI

LE

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FIXED

FIXED

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MOBI

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FIXED

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MOBI

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LAND

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LAND

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LANDMOBILE AMATEUR


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Radio

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on

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FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

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earch

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ation

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ION

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N

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TIME

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METE

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OGIC

ALAID

S

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urAm

ateur

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FIXED

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(E-S

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ite (E-

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rne)

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e)

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llite (S

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ite (E-

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)

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ep sp

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ly)SP

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(S-E

)

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ION

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ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

on

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locati

on

MARI

TIME

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ION Me

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onAm

ateur

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ateur

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MOBILE

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ONAV

IGAT

ION

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H (Pa

ssive

)



BANDDESIGNATIONS

ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY






Bands


X-ray


BRO

AD

CA

STIN

GFI

XED

MO

BILE

*

BRO

ADCA

STIN

GFI

XED

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

FIX

ED

Mob

ile

FIX

EDBR

OAD

CAST

ING

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

FIXE

D

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR MO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

FIXE

D

Fixe

dMo

bile

Radi

o-lo

catio

nFI

XED

MOB

ILE

LAND

MOB

ILE M

ARITI

ME M

OBILE

FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

RAD

ION

AV-S

ATEL

LITE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

ED L

AND

MOBIL

E

MET. A

IDS(R

adio-

sond

e)SP

ACE O

PN.

(S-E)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

S)Me

t-Sate

llite (E

-S)ME

T-SAT

. (E

-S)EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT. (

E-S)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

S)Me

t-Sate

llite (E

-S)EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT. (

E-S)

MET-S

AT.

(E-S)

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILEFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

LAND

MOB

ILE FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

LAND

MOB

ILE L

AND

MOBIL

E

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOBI

LEFIX

ED

MOBI

LEFIX

ED

BRO

ADCA

STMO

BILE

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE FIX

EDLA

ND M

OBILE

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILEFIX

EDM

OBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

BRO

ADCA

ST

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

METE

OROL

OGICA

LAID

S

FXSp

ace r

es.

Radio

Ast

E-Ex

pl Sa

tFIX

EDMO

BILE*

*MO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)RA

DIODE

TERM

INATIO

N SA

T. (S-

E)

Radio

locatio

nMO

BILE

FIXED

Amate

urRa

dioloc

ation

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

MOBIL

E

B-SA

TFX

MOB

Fixed

Mobil

eRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

MOBI

LE **

Fixed

(TLM

)LA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

(TLM

)LA

ND M

OBILE

(TLM

)FIX

ED-S

AT

(S-

E)FIX

ED (T

LM)

MOBIL

E

MOBIL

E SAT

.(Sp

ace to

Earth

)Mo

bile

**

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

MOBIL

E

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(E-S

)

SPAC

E OP

.(E-

S)(s-s

)EAR

TH EX

PL.SA

T. (E-S

)(s-s)

SPAC

E RE

S.(E-

S)(s-s

)FX

.MO

B.MO

BILE

FIXED

Mobil

e

R- LO

C.

BCST

-SAT

ELLIT

EFi

xed

Radio

-loc

ation

B-SA

TR-

LOC.

FXMO

BFix

edMo

bile

Radio

locati

onFIX

EDMO

BILE*

*Am

ateur

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

SPAC

E RES

..(S-E

)

MOBIL

EFIX

ED MOBI

LE SA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

MARI

TIME

MOB

ILE

Mobil

e FIXED

FIXED

BRO

ADCA

STMO

BILE

FIXED

MOBI

LE SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXED

F

IXED

MARI

TIME

MOB

ILE

F

IXED

FIXED

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

SAT

(S-E

)AE

RO.

RADI

ONAV

.

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

Amate

ursa

t (s-e)

Amate

urMO

BILE

FIXE

D SA

T(E-

S)

FIXE

DFIX

ED S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E)(

E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

SAT

(E-S)

MOBI

LE

Radio

-loc

ation

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

NFI

XE

D S

AT.(E

-S)

Mobi

le**

Fixe

dMo

bile

FX S

AT.(E

-S)

L M S

at(E-S

)

AERO

RA

DION

AVFI

XED

SAT

(E-S

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL R

ADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

NRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

Spac

e Re

s.(ac

t.)

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

loc.

RADIO

LOC.

Earth

Exp

l Sat

Spac

e Re

s.Ra

dioloc

ation

BCST

SAT

.

FIXE

DFIX

ED S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)EA

RTH

EXPL

. SAT

.FX

SAT

(S-E

)SP

ACE

RES.

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)MO

BILE

SAT.

(S-E)

FX S

AT (S

-E)

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E

)FX

SAT

(S-E

)ST

D FR

EQ. &

TIME

MOBIL

E SA

T (S-E

)EA

RTH

EXPL

. SAT

.MO

BILE

FIXE

DSP

ACE

RES. FI

XED

MOBI

LEMO

BILE

**FI

XED

EART

H EX

PL. S

AT.

FIXE

DMO

BILE*

*RA

D.AS

TSP

ACE

RES.

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTER

-SATE

LLITE

FIXE

D

RADIO

AS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

E RE

S.(P

assiv

e)

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR S

ATEL

LITE

Radio

-loc

ation

Amate

urRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

telli

te(A

ctive

)

FIXE

D

INTER

-SATE

LLITE

RADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

N

RADIO

LOCA

TION

SA

TELLI

TE (E-

S)INT

ER-SA

TELL

ITE

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)RA

DIONA

VIGAT

ION

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)FI

XED

MOBIL

E SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

Earth

Ex

plorat

ionSa

tellite

(S

-S)

std fre

q &

time

e-e-sa

t (s-s

)MO

BILE

FIXE

D e

-e-sa

tMO

BILE

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH (d

eep s

pace

)RA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

NIN

TER-

SAT

SPAC

E RE

S.

FIXE

DMO

BILE

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(s

pace

-to-E

arth

)

SPAC

ERE

S.

FIXE

DSA

T. (

S-E)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

MOBIL

EFI

XED

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

MOBI

LESA

T.FI

XED

SAT

MOBI

LESA

T.EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT

(E-S

)Ea

rthEx

pl.Sa

t (s -

e)SP

ACE

RES

. (E-S) FX

-SAT

(S-E

)

FIXED

MOBIL

EBR

OAD-

CAST

ING

BCST

SAT.

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YFI

XED

MOB

ILE*

*FI

XED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBI

LESA

TELL

ITE (

E-S)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE (

E-S)

MOBI

LERA

DION

AV.

SATE

LLIT

EFI

XED

MOBI

LEMO

B. SA

T(E-S

)RA

DION

AV.S

AT.

MOBI

LESA

T (E

-S).

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FXSA

T(E-

S)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

INTE

R- S

ATEA

RTH

EXPL

-SAT

(Pa

ssive

)SP

ACE

RES.

INTE

R- S

ATSP

ACE

RES.

EART

H-ES

INTE

R- S

ATEA

RTH-

ESSP

ACE

RES.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E R

ES.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DIN

TER

- SAT

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

INTER

-SA

TRA

DIO-

LOC.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT. (

Passi

ve)

MOBIL

EFI

XED

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITEFI

XED

MOBI

LE**

MOB

ILE*

*INT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

OLOC

.Am

ateur Am

ateu

r Sat

.Am

ateur

RADI

OLOC

.AM

ATEU

R SA

TAM

ATEU

RRA

DIOL

OC.

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITESP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Passi

ve)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

Amatu

erFI

XED

MO-

BILE

INTER

-SA

T.SP

ACE

RES.

E A R T

H EX

PL . SA

T

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

INTER

-SAT.

INTER

-SAT.

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FX-S

AT (S

- E)

BCST

- SAT

.B-

SAT.

MOB*

*FX

-SAT

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH

SPAC

ERE

S..


+ Grosse Reichweite – Kleine Datenrate



NATIO

NA

L TELEC

OM

M


AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIO

N

MOBI

LE (A

ERON

AUTIC

AL TE

LEME

TERI

NG)

S)

5.68

5.73

5.90

5.95

6.2

6.52

5

6.68

56.

765

7.0

7.1

7.3

7.35

8.1

8.19

5

8.81

5

8.96

59.

040

9.4

9.5

9.9

9.99

510

.003

10.0

0510

.110

.15

11.1

7511

.275

11.4

11.6

11.6

5

12.0

512

.10

12.2

3

13.2

13.2

613

.36

13.4

113

.57

13.6

13.8

13.8

714

.014

.25

14.3

5

14.9

9015

.005

15.0

1015

.10

15.6

15.8

16.3

6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

.99

25.0

0525

.01

25.0

725

.21

25.3

325

.55

25.6

726

.126

.175

26.4

826

.95

26.9

627

.23

27.4

127

.54

28.0

29.7

29.8

29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED


MARITIMEMOBILE


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)Ae

ronau

tical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)


AeronauticalMobile

Aeron

autic

al Mo

bile

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AER

ONAU

TICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

MOBI


MOB

ILE (D

ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE(S

HIPS

ONL

Y)

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)


MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MOB

ILE (D

ISTRE

SS AN

D CA

LLIN

G)

MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

ALSp

ace R

esea

rch MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (O

R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

FIXED

MOBILE**

Radio-location

FIXED

MOBI

LE*

AMATEUR

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXEDMARITIME

MOBILE

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LEST

ANDA

RD FR

EQ. A

ND TI

ME SI

GNAL

(500

0 KHZ

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

MOBILE**

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R) FIXE

DMO

BILE

*

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR) FIX

EDMo

bile

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile

MARIT

IME M

OBILE

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXE

D

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

0,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rchAE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile* AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(OR)

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YMo

bile*

AMAT

EUR

BROA

DCAS

TING

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR S

ATEL

LITE

Mobil

e*FIX

ED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

Mobil

eFIX

ED

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

Mob

ile*

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch LA

ND M

OBILE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

MOB

ILE**

RAD

IO A

STRO

NOMY

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

MOB

ILE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOB

ILE**

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOB

ILERa

dio A

stron

omy

RADIO

AST

RONO

MYLA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LEMOBIL

E

MOBILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBIL

E

LANDMOBILE AMATEUR


FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

EDMO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION




AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

AMAT

EUR


MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE SATELLITE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

STD.

FREQ

. & TI

ME SI

GNAL

SAT.

(400.1

MHz

)ME

T. SAT

.(S-

E)SP

ACE R

ES.

(S-E)

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellite

(E-S

)

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(E-S

)FIX

EDMO

BILE

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NAm

ateur

LAND

MOB

ILE


LAND

MOB

ILEBR

OADC

ASTIN

G(TV

CHAN

NELS

14 - 2

0)


TV BROADCASTINGRADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

FIXED

Amate

ur


MOBI

LE**

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

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2000

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2155

2160

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5.0

5.15

5.25

5.35

5.46

5.47

5.6

5.65

5.83

5.85

5.92

5

6.42

5

6.52

5

6.70

6.87

5

7.02

57.

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7.12

5

7.19

7.23

57.

25

7.30

7.45

7.55

7.75

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8.02

5

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8.21

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8.4

8.45

8.5

9.0

9.2

9.3

9.5

10.0

10.4

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10.6

10.6

8

10.7

11.7

12.2

12.7

12.7

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14.4

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15.4

15.4

3

15.6

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17.2

17.3

17.7

17.8

18.3

18.6

18.8

19.3

19.7

20.1

20.2

21.2

21.4

22.0

22.2

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22.5

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23.5

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23.6

24.0

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29.9

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ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz

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31.0

31.3

31.8

32.0

32.3

33.0

33.4

36.0

37.0

37.6

38.0

38.6

39.5

40.0

40.5

41.0

42.5

43.5

45.5

46.9

47.0

47.2

48.2

50.2

50.4

51.4

52.6

54.2

555

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56.9

57.0

58.2

59.0

59.3

64.0

65.0

66.0

71.0

74.0

75.5

76.0

77.0

77.5

78.0

81.0

84.0

86.0

92.0

95.0

100.

0

102.

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105.

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116.

0

119.

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202.

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217.

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238.

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241.

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248.

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250.

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252.

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265.

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275.

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+ Grosse Reichweite – Kleine Datenrate

– Kleine Reichweite

+ Grosse Datenrate



NATIO

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AD

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30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

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MARITIMEMOBILE


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3 9 14 19.9

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30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



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32.0

33.0

34.0

35.0

36.0

37.0

37.5

38.0

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39.0

40.0

42.0

43.6

9

46.6

47.0

49.6

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54.0

72.0

73.0

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75.4

76.0

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322.

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31.0

31.3

31.8

32.0

32.3

33.0

33.4

36.0

37.0

37.6

38.0

38.6

39.5

40.0

40.5

41.0

42.5

43.5

45.5

46.9

47.0

47.2

48.2

50.2

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51.4

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57.0

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77.0

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81.0

84.0

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92.0

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100.

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185.

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190.

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200.

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202.

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217.

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231.

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238.

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248.

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250.

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252.

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265.

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29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED


MARITIMEMOBILE


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)Ae

ronau

tical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

Beac

ons)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO BE

ACON

S)


AeronauticalMobile

Aeron

autic

al Mo

bile

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AER

ONAU

TICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

MOBI


MOB

ILE (D

ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE(S

HIPS

ONL

Y)

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)


MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MARI

TIME

MOBIL

E (TE

LEPH

ONY)

MOB

ILE (D

ISTRE

SS AN

D CA

LLIN

G)

MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

ALSp

ace R

esea

rch MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (O

R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBIL

E (R)

FIXED

MOBILE**

Radio-location

FIXED

MOBI

LE*

AMATEUR

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXEDMARITIME

MOBILE

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LE*

MOBI

LEST

ANDA

RD FR

EQ. A

ND TI

ME SI

GNAL

(500

0 KHZ

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

MOBILE**

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R) FIXE

DMO

BILE

*

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR) FIX

EDMo

bile

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile

MARIT

IME M

OBILE

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXE

D

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

0,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rchAE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile* AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(OR)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

(OR)

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YMo

bile*

AMAT

EUR

BROA

DCAS

TING

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR S

ATEL

LITE

Mobil

e*FIX

ED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (1

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch

FIXED

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

Mobil

eFIX

ED

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

Mob

ile*

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

STAN

DARD

FREQ

. AND

TIME

SIGN

AL (2

5,000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FREQ

.Sp

ace R

esea

rch LA

ND M

OBILE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

MOB

ILE**

RAD

IO A

STRO

NOMY

BROA

DCAS

TING

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE LA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

FIXED

MOB

ILE**

MOB

ILE

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOB

ILE**

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOBI

LE

LAND

MOB

ILERa

dio A

stron

omy

RADIO

AST

RONO

MYLA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LEMOBIL

E

MOBILE

LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBI

LE

MOBIL

E

LANDMOBILE AMATEUR


FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

EDMO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION




AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOBI

LE (R

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL M

OBILE

(R)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

AMAT

EUR


MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE SATELLITE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

STD.

FREQ

. & TI

ME SI

GNAL

SAT.

(400.1

MHz

)ME

T. SAT

.(S-

E)SP

ACE R

ES.

(S-E)

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellite

(E-S

)

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(E-S

)FIX

EDMO

BILE

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NAm

ateur

LAND

MOB

ILE


LAND

MOB

ILEBR

OADC

ASTIN

G(TV

CHAN

NELS

14 - 2

0)


TV BROADCASTINGRADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

FIXED

Amate

ur


MOBI

LE**

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADIO

NAVIG

ATION

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

onMA

RITIM

ERA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Radio

locati

on

Radiolocation

Radiolocation


LOCATION

Amateur

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

N(G

round

)RA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

Radio

-loc

ation

AERO

. RAD

IO-NA

V.(Gro

und)

FIXED

SAT.

(S-E)

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

NRa

dio-

locati

on

FIXED

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION MO

BILE

FIXED

MOBIL

E

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

Spac

e Res

earch

(Pas

sive)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

NRa

dio-

locati

onRA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

onRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

N

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

METE

OROL

OGIC

ALAID

S

Amate

urAm

ateur

FIXED

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)MO

BILE

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)MO

BILE

FIXED FIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

MOBIL

E

FIXED

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (E

-S)

FIXED

Fixed

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)FIX

ED SA

TELLI

TE (S

-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (S-

E)Mo

bileSa

tellite

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)(no

airbo

rne)

Mobile

Satell

ite(E-

S)(no

airborn

e)

Mobile

Sate

llite (S

-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)EA

RTH E

XPL.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

EART

H EXP

L.SA

T. (S-E

)

EART

H EXP

L.SA

TELLI

TE (S

-E)

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H (S-

E)(de

ep sp

ace on

ly)SP

ACE R

ESEA

RCH

(S-E

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locati

on

MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION Me

teorol

ogica

lAid

sRA

DIONA

VIGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locati

onAm

ateur

Amate

urAm

ateur

Satel

liteRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXE

DFIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

Mobile **

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H(Pa

ssive)

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YSP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Pas

sive)

EART

H EX

PL.

SATE

LLITE

(Pas

sive)

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

BROA

DCAS

TING

SATE

LLITE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL R

ADION

AV.

Spac

e Res

earch

(E-S)

SpaceResearch

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S)

Radio

-loc

ation

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

N

RADIO

NAVIG

ATION FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (E

-S)

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S

)

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S)

Fixed

Mobil

eFIX

ED SA

T. (E

-S)

Fixed

Mobil

eFIX

ED

Mobil

eFIX

ED

MOBIL

ESp

ace R

esearc

hSp

ace R

esea

rch

Spac

e Res

earch

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive

)RA

DIO A

STRO

NOMY

EART

H EXP

L. SA

T.(Pa

ssive

)

Radio

locatio

nRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

Radio

locati

on

FX S

AT (E

-S)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (E

-S)FI

XED

FIXED

FIXE

DMO

BILE

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

MOBI

LE

Earth

Expl.

Satell

ite (Ac

tive)

Stand

ardFre

quen

cy an

dTim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(E-S)

Earth

Explo

ration

Satel

lite(S-

S)MO

BILE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFI

XED

Earth

Explo

ration

Satell

ite (S-

S)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DSA

T (E

-S)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (E

-S)

MOBIL

E SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE(E

-S)

Stand

ardFre

quen

cy an

dTim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(S-E)

Stand

. Freq

uenc

yan

d Tim

e Sign

alSa

tellite

(S-E)

FIXED

MOBIL

E

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)EA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

SPAC

E RE

..(P

assiv

e)EA

RTH E

XPL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FIXE

DMO

BILE

Mobil

eFi

xedFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

BROA

D-CA

STIN

GBC

STSA

T.

FIXED

MOBIL

E

FXSA

T(E-

S)MO

BILE

FIXE

D

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITEFI

XED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

MOBIL

ESA

TELLI

TE (E

-S)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

D

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE(Pa

ssive)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

T. (P

assiv

e)

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITERA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CHFI

XED

MOBILE

F IXED

MOBILESATELLITE

(E-S)MO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

RADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

NRA

DIO-

NAVIG

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE F IXEDSATELLITE

(E-S)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

Amate

urSa

tellite

Amate

urRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

MOBIL

EFIX

EDMO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDBR

OAD-

CAST

ING

SATE

LLITE

BROA

D-CA

STIN

G

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

MOBILE

FIXE

D

MOBIL

EFIX

EDRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBILESATELLITE


RADIO-NAVIGATION

Radio-location

EART

H E

XPL.

SATE

LLITE

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H(P

assiv

e)

FIXE

DFI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E(S

-E)

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

FIXED

MOBILE

MOBI

LEINT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

RADIO-LOCATION

INTER-SATELLITE

Radio-location

MOBILE

MOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION


AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

Amate

urAm

ateur

Satel

liteRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

MOBIL

EFIX

EDFIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE(S

-E)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE (P

assiv

e)SP

ACE R

ES.

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RES

.(P

assiv

e)

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H(P

assiv

e)RA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

YEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SATE

LLITE

(Pas

sive)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATION

SAT. (

Passi

ve)

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive

)INT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

MOBILE

MOBILE

MOBIL

EMOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION


FIXEDSATELLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATION

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

SPAC

E RES

.(Pa

ssive

)

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)FIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE(S-

E) FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Passi

ve)

SPAC

E RES

.(Pa

ssive

)

Radio

-loc

ation

Radio

-loc

ation

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

NAM

ATEU

RAM

ATEU

R SA

TELL

ITE

Amate

urAm

ateur

Satel

lite

EART

H EXP

LORA

TION

SATE

LLITE

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RE

S. (P

assiv

e)

MOBILE

MOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION


MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

RADIO-ASTRONOMY

FIXEDSATELLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

3.0

3.02

5

3.15

5

3.23

0

3.4

3.5

4.0

4.06

3

4.43

8

4.65

4.7

4.75

4.85

4.99

55.

003

5.00

55.

060

5.45

MARITIMEMOBILE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

FIXED

Mobil

eMA

RITIM

E MOB

ILE

STAN

DARD

FREQ

UENC

Y & TI

ME SI

GNAL

(20,0

00 K

HZ)

Spac

e Res

earch

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR

MET. S

AT. (S

-E)MO

B. SA

T. (S-

E)SP

ACE R

ES. (S

-E)SP

ACE O

PN. (S

-E)ME

T. SAT

. (S-E)

Mob.

Sat. (

S-E)

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38.0

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40.5

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)

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ssive

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TER

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Passi

ve)

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ER-

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ateur Am

ateu

r Sat

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ateur

RADI

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CH(Pa

ssive)

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MOB*

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400 - 700 MHz


Regulation


Regulation

☞Reicht bis 1906 zurück: Funktelegraphie auf Schi!en


Regulation


☞ Low-Tech


Regulation


☞ Low-Tech

☞ ITUFCC, BaKom


Flexiblere Handhabung



☞ Interferenzen sind heute viel besser handhabbar




☞ Zeitlich beschränkt freie Frequenzen nutzbar




☞ Zeitlich beschränkt freie Frequenzen nutzbar

☞ FCC: «OK». Google, Microsoft, Dell: «Yeah».


Moderne Nutzung


Moderne Nutzung

like any other spectrum block. Instead of a serviceprovider gaining the rights to control use of thespectrum, subject to limits set in the terms of thelicense, manufacturers gain the rights to selldevices that conform to FCC-designated standards.The devices themselves must be licensed, generallyon a generic and often self-licensing basis known as“type acceptance.”

An important point here is that unlicensed doesnot mean unregulated. In the 2.4 GHz band, forexample, the FCC mandates power limits and othertechnical requirements. New kinds of equipmentthat use different techniques than those alreadylicensed must receive direct FCC approval. Forexample, Vivato, a start-up that sells a novel “WiFiswitch” based on phased-array antennas, receivedFCC approval in late 2002 for its technology.

Shared UnlicensedUnder certain circumstances, unlicensed devicescan share frequencies with licensed devices. Thisarrangement is sometimes referred to as an ease-ment, by analogy to real property law. It is alsoknown as “underlay,” because unlicensed devicesoperate below the noise threshold of the high-power licensed devices in the band (see Figure 10).

There are two major examples of shared unlicensed use in current FCC rules. The first,Part 15, actually dates back to 1938. This sectionof the FCC’s rules allows devices below a strictpower limit to operate in significant portions of thespectrum. The severe power limits allow for onlyvery short-range devices, which do not producesignificant interference with licensed systems.

A more recent example of shared unlicensed useis ultra-wideband (UWB). The FCC first author-ized this technology in February 2002. It usestransmissions spread across huge frequency rangesat extremely low power, below the detectable noisefloor for other licensed devices in the same band.Using spread spectrum techniques, UWB systemsare able to reconstruct messages and support high-speed transmissions even under such restrictiveconditions. By authorizing ultra-wideband formuch of the spectrum above 3 GHz, the FCCeffectively created a huge new unlicensed ease-ment shared with licensed services.

of years subject to the limitations of its license.Other systems are prohibited from producingharmful interference with the licensee. The broad-cast television bands are good examples of exclu-sively licensed spectrum.

Some spectrum is licensed, but not for a singleuser. Examples include the bands for the amateurradio service, radio astronomy, and privatemicrowave systems. These bands resemble pureunlicensed spectrum, in that one entity doesn’t havetotal control. However, there are still restrictions onwho can transmit, and what kinds of services theycan provide. A technology that could increasecapacity or deliver a new kind of service can’t beused in these bands if it doesn’t meet those criteria.

Dedicated UnlicensedThe opposite regime is to have no exclusivelicensees in the band. For example, the 2.4 GHzIndustrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band isopen solely for unlicensed use. No devices thatoperate in that band—which range from the WiFiaccess points to microwave ovens and cordlessphones—can claim protection against interferencefrom other approved devices in the band.

“Unlicensed” is actually something of a mis-nomer. It implies that the government has notmade the spectrum available to licensees, when infact the spectrum has been allocated and assigned

26

The Unlicensed World

FREQUENCY

POW

ER

HIG

H-P

OW

ER L

ICEN

SED

SIG

NA

LLOW-POWER UNLICENSED UNDERLAY

FIGURE 10 – UNDERLAY SHARING: In underlay sharing,low-power, unlicensed devices share frequencies and avoidinterference by operating beneath the noise threshold ofhigh-power devices in the band.


Moderne Nutzung

like any other spectrum block. Instead of a serviceprovider gaining the rights to control use of thespectrum, subject to limits set in the terms of thelicense, manufacturers gain the rights to selldevices that conform to FCC-designated standards.The devices themselves must be licensed, generallyon a generic and often self-licensing basis known as“type acceptance.”

An important point here is that unlicensed doesnot mean unregulated. In the 2.4 GHz band, forexample, the FCC mandates power limits and othertechnical requirements. New kinds of equipmentthat use different techniques than those alreadylicensed must receive direct FCC approval. Forexample, Vivato, a start-up that sells a novel “WiFiswitch” based on phased-array antennas, receivedFCC approval in late 2002 for its technology.

Shared UnlicensedUnder certain circumstances, unlicensed devicescan share frequencies with licensed devices. Thisarrangement is sometimes referred to as an ease-ment, by analogy to real property law. It is alsoknown as “underlay,” because unlicensed devicesoperate below the noise threshold of the high-power licensed devices in the band (see Figure 10).

There are two major examples of shared unlicensed use in current FCC rules. The first,Part 15, actually dates back to 1938. This sectionof the FCC’s rules allows devices below a strictpower limit to operate in significant portions of thespectrum. The severe power limits allow for onlyvery short-range devices, which do not producesignificant interference with licensed systems.

A more recent example of shared unlicensed useis ultra-wideband (UWB). The FCC first author-ized this technology in February 2002. It usestransmissions spread across huge frequency rangesat extremely low power, below the detectable noisefloor for other licensed devices in the same band.Using spread spectrum techniques, UWB systemsare able to reconstruct messages and support high-speed transmissions even under such restrictiveconditions. By authorizing ultra-wideband formuch of the spectrum above 3 GHz, the FCCeffectively created a huge new unlicensed ease-ment shared with licensed services.

of years subject to the limitations of its license.Other systems are prohibited from producingharmful interference with the licensee. The broad-cast television bands are good examples of exclu-sively licensed spectrum.

Some spectrum is licensed, but not for a singleuser. Examples include the bands for the amateurradio service, radio astronomy, and privatemicrowave systems. These bands resemble pureunlicensed spectrum, in that one entity doesn’t havetotal control. However, there are still restrictions onwho can transmit, and what kinds of services theycan provide. A technology that could increasecapacity or deliver a new kind of service can’t beused in these bands if it doesn’t meet those criteria.

Dedicated UnlicensedThe opposite regime is to have no exclusivelicensees in the band. For example, the 2.4 GHzIndustrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band isopen solely for unlicensed use. No devices thatoperate in that band—which range from the WiFiaccess points to microwave ovens and cordlessphones—can claim protection against interferencefrom other approved devices in the band.

“Unlicensed” is actually something of a mis-nomer. It implies that the government has notmade the spectrum available to licensees, when infact the spectrum has been allocated and assigned

26

The Unlicensed World

FREQUENCY

POW

ER

HIG

H-P

OW

ER L

ICEN

SED

SIG

NA

LLOW-POWER UNLICENSED UNDERLAY

FIGURE 10 – UNDERLAY SHARING: In underlay sharing,low-power, unlicensed devices share frequencies and avoidinterference by operating beneath the noise threshold ofhigh-power devices in the band.


NATIO

NA

L TELEC

OM

M


AD

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765

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11.6

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127

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28.0

29.7

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929

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30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED


MARITIMEMOBILE


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

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ION

Aeron

autic

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(RAD

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tical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

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acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aeron

autic

alMo

bile

Mariti

meRa

diona

vigati

on(R

adio

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ons)

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ICAL

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(RAD

IO BE

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S)


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Aeron

autic

al Mo

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IGAT

ION

AER

ONAU

TICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MARI

TIME

MOBI


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ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING)

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE

MARI

TIME

MOBI

LE(S

HIPS

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Y)

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LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

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EACO

NS)

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ICAL

RADI

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IO B

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NS)


MARI

TIME

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E (TE

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TIME

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DARD

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TIME

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ALSp

ace R

esea

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STAN

DARD

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.

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Radio-location

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AMATEUR

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EQ. A

ND TI

ME SI

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(500

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TING

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(OR) FIX

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MARIT

IME M

OBILE

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RONA

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AL M

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(OR)

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TING

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MARI

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(R)

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LAND

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MOBILESATELLITE

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MOBILESATELLITE

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RADI

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N

MARI

TIME

RADI

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MARI

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METE

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FIXED

SATE

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(E-S

)

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ED

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MOBIL

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SPAC

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SATE

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SATE

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FIXED

SATE

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(S-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (S-

E)Mo

bileSa

tellite

(S-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)(no

airbo

rne)

Mobile

Satell

ite(E-

S)(no

airborn

e)

Mobile

Sate

llite (S

-E)

Mobile

Satell

ite (E-

S)

MOBIL

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TELL

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XPL.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E)

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H EXP

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T. (S-E

)

EART

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TE (S

-E)

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(E-S)

FIXED

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SPAC

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E)(de

ep sp

ace on

ly)SP

ACE R

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(S-E

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dioloc

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locati

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MARI

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38.0

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METEOROLOGICALAIDS


MOBILE

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SPAC

E RES

EARC

H (Pa

ssive

)



BANDDESIGNATIONS

ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY






Bands


X-ray


BRO

AD

CA

STIN

GFI

XED

MO

BILE

*

BRO

ADCA

STIN

GFI

XED

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

FIX

ED

Mob

ile

FIX

EDBR

OAD

CAST

ING

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

BROA

DCAS

TING

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

LAND

MOBI

LE

FIXE

D

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLITE

AMAT

EUR MO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

FIXE

D

Fixe

dMo

bile

Radi

o-lo

catio

nFI

XED

MOB

ILE

LAND

MOB

ILE M

ARITI

ME M

OBILE

FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

RAD

ION

AV-S

ATEL

LITE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

ED L

AND

MOBIL

E

MET. A

IDS(R

adio-

sond

e)SP

ACE O

PN.

(S-E)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

S)Me

t-Sate

llite (E

-S)ME

T-SAT

. (E

-S)EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT. (

E-S)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

S)Me

t-Sate

llite (E

-S)EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT. (

E-S)

MET-S

AT.

(E-S)

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILEFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

LAND

MOB

ILE FIXED

LAN

D MO

BILE

LAND

MOB

ILE L

AND

MOBIL

E

LAND

MOB

ILE

MOBI

LEFIX

ED

MOBI

LEFIX

ED

BRO

ADCA

STMO

BILE

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL M

OBILE FIX

EDLA

ND M

OBILE

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILEFIX

EDM

OBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FIXED

FIXED

BRO

ADCA

ST

LAND

MOB

ILELA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

LAND

MOB

ILE

METE

OROL

OGICA

LAID

S

FXSp

ace r

es.

Radio

Ast

E-Ex

pl Sa

tFIX

EDMO

BILE*

*MO

BILE

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)RA

DIODE

TERM

INATIO

N SA

T. (S-

E)

Radio

locatio

nMO

BILE

FIXED

Amate

urRa

dioloc

ation

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

MOBIL

E

B-SA

TFX

MOB

Fixed

Mobil

eRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

MOBI

LE **

Fixed

(TLM

)LA

ND M

OBILE

FIXED

(TLM

)LA

ND M

OBILE

(TLM

)FIX

ED-S

AT

(S-

E)FIX

ED (T

LM)

MOBIL

E

MOBIL

E SAT

.(Sp

ace to

Earth

)Mo

bile

**

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

MOBIL

E

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(E-S

)

SPAC

E OP

.(E-

S)(s-s

)EAR

TH EX

PL.SA

T. (E-S

)(s-s)

SPAC

E RE

S.(E-

S)(s-s

)FX

.MO

B.MO

BILE

FIXED

Mobil

e

R- LO

C.

BCST

-SAT

ELLIT

EFi

xed

Radio

-loc

ation

B-SA

TR-

LOC.

FXMO

BFix

edMo

bile

Radio

locati

onFIX

EDMO

BILE*

*Am

ateur

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

SPAC

E RES

..(S-E

)

MOBIL

EFIX

ED MOBI

LE SA

TELL

ITE (S

-E)

MARI

TIME

MOB

ILE

Mobil

e FIXED

FIXED

BRO

ADCA

STMO

BILE

FIXED

MOBI

LE SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXED

F

IXED

MARI

TIME

MOB

ILE

F

IXED

FIXED

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

MOBIL

E**

FIXED

SAT

(S-E

)AE

RO.

RADI

ONAV

.

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

Amate

ursa

t (s-e)

Amate

urMO

BILE

FIXE

D SA

T(E-

S)

FIXE

DFIX

ED S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E)(

E-S)

FIXED

FIXED

SAT

(E-S)

MOBI

LE

Radio

-loc

ation

RADIO

-LO

CATIO

NFI

XE

D S

AT.(E

-S)

Mobi

le**

Fixe

dMo

bile

FX S

AT.(E

-S)L M

Sat(

E-S)

AERO

RA

DION

AVFI

XED

SAT

(E-S

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL R

ADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

NRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

Spac

e Re

s.(ac

t.)

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

loc.

RADIO

LOC.

Earth

Exp

l Sat

Spac

e Re

s.Ra

dioloc

ation

BCST

SAT

.

FIXE

DFIX

ED S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)EA

RTH

EXPL

. SAT

.FX

SAT

(S-E

)SP

ACE

RES.

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)MO

BILE

SAT.

(S-E)

FX S

AT (S

-E)

MOBI

LE S

ATEL

LITE

(S-E

)FX

SAT

(S-E

)ST

D FR

EQ. &

TIME

MOBIL

E SA

T (S-E

)EA

RTH

EXPL

. SAT

.MO

BILE

FIXE

DSP

ACE

RES. FI

XED

MOBI

LEMO

BILE

**FI

XED

EART

H EX

PL. S

AT.

FIXE

DMO

BILE*

*RA

D.AS

TSP

ACE

RES.

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTER

-SATE

LLITE

FIXE

D

RADIO

AS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

E RE

S.(P

assiv

e)

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR S

ATEL

LITE

Radio

-loc

ation

Amate

urRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellit

e(A

ctive

)

FIXE

D

INTER

-SATE

LLITE

RADIO

NAVIG

ATIO

N

RADIO

LOCA

TION

SA

TELLI

TE (E-

S)INT

ER-SA

TELL

ITE

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)RA

DIONA

VIGAT

ION

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)FI

XED

MOBIL

E SA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

Earth

Ex

plorat

ionSa

tellite

(S

-S)

std fre

q &

time

e-e-sa

t (s-s

)MO

BILE

FIXE

D e

-e-sa

tMO

BILE

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH (d

eep s

pace

)RA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

NIN

TER-

SAT

SPAC

E RE

S.

FIXE

DMO

BILE

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(s

pace

-to-E

arth

)

SPAC

ERE

S.

FIXE

DSA

T. (

S-E)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

MOBIL

EFI

XED

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

MOBI

LESA

T.FI

XED

SAT

MOBI

LESA

T.EA

RTH

EXPL

SAT

(E-S

)Ea

rthEx

pl.Sa

t (s -

e)SP

ACE

RES

. (E-S) FX

-SAT

(S-E

)

FIXED

MOBIL

EBR

OAD-

CAST

ING

BCST

SAT.

RADIO

ASTR

ONOM

YFI

XED

MOB

ILE*

*FI

XED

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

MOBI

LESA

TELL

ITE (

E-S)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE (

E-S)

MOBI

LERA

DION

AV.

SATE

LLIT

EFI

XED

MOBI

LEMO

B. SA

T(E-S

)RA

DION

AV.S

AT.

MOBI

LESA

T (E

-S).

FIXE

DMO

BILE

FXSA

T(E-

S)

MOBI

LEFI

XED

INTE

R- S

ATEA

RTH

EXPL

-SAT

(Pa

ssive

)SP

ACE

RES.

INTE

R- S

ATSP

ACE

RES.

EART

H-ES

INTE

R- S

ATEA

RTH-

ESSP

ACE

RES.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E R

ES.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DIN

TER

- SAT

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

INTER

-SA

TRA

DIO-

LOC.

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

SAT. (

Passi

ve)

MOBIL

EFI

XED

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITEFI

XED

MOBI

LE**

MOB

ILE*

*INT

ER-

SATE

LLITE

MOB

ILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

OLOC

.Am

ateur Am

ateu

r Sat

.Am

ateur

RADI

OLOC

.AM

ATEU

R SA

TAM

ATEU

RRA

DIOL

OC.

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(Pa

ssive)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITESP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Passi

ve)

EART

HEX

PL SA

T.(Pa

ssive)

Amatu

erFI

XED

MO-

BILE

INTER

-SA

T.SP

ACE

RES.

E A R T

H EX

PL . SA

T

INTER

-SA

TELL

ITE

INTER

-SAT.

INTER

-SAT.

MOBIL

EFIX

ED

FX-S

AT (S

- E)

BCST

- SAT

.B-

SAT.

MOB*

*FX

-SAT

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH

SPAC

ERE

S..



Moderne Nutzung

☞ Signale unter Rausch-Schwelle


Moderne Nutzung

☞ Signale unter Rausch-Schwelle

☞Antennen-Verbund (Bells Blast)


Open Spectrum


Open Spectrum

☞ «permission economy» verlassen


Open Spectrum


☞Vorteile: bessere Reichweite, höhere Datenrate


Open Spectrum


☞Vorteile: bessere Reichweite, höhere Datenrate

☞ Langfristiger Übergang



Internet gestern


Internet gestern

☞ Ehemaliges Hochschulnetz


Internet gestern


☞Baut auf Telefonnetz auf


Internet gestern



☞ Entsprechend langsam


Internet gestern



☞ Entsprechend langsam

☞Unflexible, statische Struktur


Internet heute


Internet heute

☞An ein Kabelnetz gebunden


Internet heute


☞Weit verbreitet und schnell


Internet heute



☞Noch immer hierarchisch


Internet heute



☞Noch immer hierarchisch

☞Keine P2P-Kommunikation





Wlan


Wlan

☞ 99% Marktdurchdringung


Wlan


☞ Leistungsfähige Hardware


Wlan



☞Potenzial nicht ausgeschöpft


Wlan



☞Potenzial nicht ausgeschöpft

☞ Enges Frequenzband


Internet + Wlan = morgen



☞Bandbreite im Überfluss




☞Mobile Endgeräte





☞Peer2Peer-Networkauf WLAN-Basis






☞Maschen anstatt Sterne






☞Maschen anstatt Sterne

☞ Flexible Frequenzen(mit mehr OpenSpectrum)


Freifunk in BerlinSonntag, 28. November 2010

Vorteile


Vorteile

☞Ausfallsicherheit


Vorteile


☞ Schlanke Infrastruktur


Vorteile



☞ Skalierbar


Vorteile



☞ Skalierbar

☞Kleinere Abhängigkeit


Vorteile



☞ Skalierbar

☞Kleinere Abhängigkeit

☞Autark, nicht zensierbar


Zusammenfassend


Zusammenfassend

☞Neue Hardware erfordert keine Hierarchie mehr


Zusammenfassend


☞Deregulation ist möglich


Zusammenfassend


☞Deregulation ist möglich

☞Neue Frequenzen:Neue Möglichkeiten


Technology

Groups 2010.09: Free/Open Spectrum (Digital Sustainability)