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1. Energy and Climate
“It is your human environment
that makes climate.”
— Mark Twain, Following the Equator,
1897
2
Chakravarty et al., PNAS 2009
Re
lati
ve
to
19
93
1993
Kilowatt-hours
consumed for
residential air-
conditioning,
U.S. 1993
2005
5
2005
1993
1950 2007
1100 ft2
2500 ft2
Average new house’s floorspace, U.S.
7
0
50
100
150
200
2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
En
erg
y c
on
su
mp
tio
n, b
illio
n k
Wh
'Base case'
'High efficiency case'
Fig. 3, p. 165 India 8
Phoenix, ~ 1300
Phoenix, 2012
Phoenix, 2012
2. Efficiency
Coal saved through efficiency “is only
saved from one use to be employed in
others, and the profits gained soon
lead to extended employment in
many new forms. The several
branches of industry are closely
interdependent, and progress of any
one leads to the progress of nearly
all.”
— William Stanley Jevons, 1865
“The chief source of problems
is solutions.”
—Eric Sevareid, 1970
Re
lati
ve
to
19
93
1993
Kilowatt-
hours
consumed for
residential
air-
conditioning,
U.S.
1993
2005
14
2005
1993
increased efficiency
increased consumption
“A policy of ‘frugality first’ induces
efficiency as a secondary
consequence;
‘efficiency first’ does not induce
frugality--it makes frugality [seem]
less necessary.”
— Herman Daly, 2003
Bil
iio
n k
Wh
1993
United States, electricity
renewable
production
Air- conditioning consumption*
16
* buildings only
Jeff Rubin, CIBC World Markets
Jeff Rubin, CIBC World Markets
3. Culture
“General Electric has proved a
more devastating invader than
General Sherman.”
— Raymond Arsenault, “The End of
the Long, Hot Summer : The Air
Conditioner and Southern Culture,”
1984
Markham, 1944
Temperature
Temperature
“Civilization”
23
1. The 1956 Interstate Highway Act and dominance
of the automobile
2. FHA mortgage financing and subdivision regulation
3. De-industrialization of central cities
4. Downtown redevelopment and public housing
5. The suburban tract house
6. Racial segregation and job discrimination
7. Enclosed shopping malls
8. Sun Belt–style sprawl
9. Air-conditioning
10. Urban unrest in the 1960s
Top ten influences on the American metropolis,
1950-2000
Society for American City and Regional Planning History, 2000
25
26
64
62
92
163
80
42
27 16
24 21
annual cooling days
72
60
56
50
58
27
12 16
11 19
hours per year in
traffic delays
29 11
4. Productivity
“Doesn’t the AC-free enviro-dream world
sound wonderful? Daily summertime
siestas, shorter business hours, even
some days completely off! … ”
-- Conn Carroll, Heritage Foundation, 2010
“ … but as with all enviro-leftist schemes,
the heavy costs of their low energy
utopian dream are being ignored. Slower
workdays mean less productivity. Shorter
hours and closed offices mean lost profits
for employers.”
-- Conn Carroll, Heritage Foundation, 2010
Factory employees
Temperature Alan Hedge, Cornell
(A footnote)
Productivity
Avg. hourly
wage
5. Comfort & Health
“A May 2003 survey by the
International Facilities Management
Association says that being too cold
was the number-one office
complaint ... followed by being too
hot.”
—New York Times, 2005
37
Thailand: office employees
percent comfortable
38
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
70 75 80 85 90 95
Outdoor temperature
Ind
oo
r te
mp
era
ture
Fig. 4, p. 235 de Dear and
Brager, 2001 39
Ind
oo
r te
mp
era
ture
45 11
