- 1. Air transportation is the safest form of transport in
theworld.Donkeys kill more people annually than plane crashes.One
wind shield or window frame of the Boeing 747-400s cockpit, cost as
much as a BMWThere are approximately 200,000 flights every
dayaround the world.Every 3 seconds in the world a plane makes a
landing
2. In this moment there are thousands of planes traveling
through the air.Machines that travel at heights over 12,500 meters
above sealevel and at speeds greater than 850 km/hBut, how is this
possible????? In this presentation we will solve the question How
does an airplane fly? 3. There are 4 aerodynamic forces acting on
an airplane: Thrust: Is the force that moves an airplane forward
through space.Caused by a propeller or a jet engine. Drag: Is the
force that resists the airplane from moving forward. It is
thefriction or air resistance that stops the plane.In order for
flight to take place, thrust must be equal or greater than drag.
Lift: Is the upwards force that keeps an airplane in the air. It is
caused bythe shape of the wings. Weight: Due to gravity every
object on earth has weight. Weight is theforce that pushes an
object down (due to gravity)In order for flight to take place, lift
must be equal or greater than weight. 4. 1. Fan: Rotates at high
speed at sucks in large amounts of air.2. Compressor: Made up of
stationary and rotating blades. Rotating blades push air into
stationary blades which compress the air and rises its pressure.3.
Combustor: Here, the high speed, compressed air enters and it is
sprayed with fuel from fuel injectors. The compressed air and jet
fuel mixture burns forcing exhaust gases to leave rapidly through
the rear of the engine. 5. 4. Turbine: Fan-like set of blades which
are rotated by the high speed gases which are being exhausted by
the combustor. It is connected to the compressor and to the fan so
its rotation also helps rotate the compressor and the fan for the
new entering air.5. Mixer: Not all the air sucked in enters the
compressor and the air that didnt enter, bypasses the engine by its
side, then in the mixer it is mixed with the hot air being
exhausted.6. Nozzle: Exhaust duct of the engine. Here is where all
the air leaves the engine. AtmosphereHot, high speed air air sucked
inthrown out. 6. When all this processes take place inside the
engine, huge amounts of hotair is forced outside at high speed. And
applying newtons third law ofmotion, for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction, Thesame force from which the air was
pushed backwards, the engine, and the plane, will be pushed
forward. Air pushed backwards Plane pushed forward 7. Lift occurs
when a moving fluid is deflected by a solid object. In this case,
the wing splits the air into two directions (up andunderneath the
wing)The shape of the wing is what enables it to produce lift. The
wing of anaircraft is curved in the upper surface and its flatter
in the bottomsurface.The air that passes through the upper surface
of the wing undergoes twoimportant changes:1. It is lowered in
pressure2. It is accelerated downwards 8. The air on the upper
surfaceon the wing is pushed downwards following theshape of the
wing. So applying newtons third law of motionfor every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction, if the wing pushed the air
downwards, the air will applyan equal and oppositereaction and push
the wing upwards and produce lift. 9. The air that is forced to the
upper surface of the wing must also travel alonger distance (due to
the bend in the wing) therefore it must gofaster. And faster moving
air has a lower pressure due to that moleculesare more spread
apart. As the air on top of the wing has less pressure than the air
onbottom, the higher pressure air on the bottom of the wing will
push thewing upwards producing lift. As the speed of the aircraft
increases so does the lift produced (moreair is diverted downwards
and the difference in air pressure from thetop and bottom surfaces
of the wings is wider). 10. The angle of attack is the angle that
the wings presents to theoncoming air. The greater the angle of
attack, the greater thelift produced because the air is diverted
downwards in asteeper angle. Until a certain point. Usually a wing
has to achieve a negative angle of attack toproduce zero lift. 11.
When the angle of attack exceeds 15degrees, the air starts to
separate from the wingand a stall is created. The angle of attack
is controlled by theelevators. 12. When enough thrust is provided
to the aircraft either by a propelleror a jet engine, thrust will
overcome drag and the airplane will start togain speed.As speed
increases so will the lift provided by the wings. When a certain
speed is reached, lift will overcome weight and the airplanewill be
pushed up and into the air. 13. Located at the back of the
wing.They extend and contract to alter the shape of the wing in
orderto achieve the necessary lift.When flaps extend more lift
iscreated and when they retractless lift is created. Flaps are
constantlyoperated during a flight 14. When flaps extend they alter
the shape of the wing making the bend on its upper surfacewider.
This new shape of the wing divertsmore air downwards creating more
lift. When flaps retract the bend in the wing issmaller, diverting
less air downwards and thuscreating less lift.Different flap
positions are useful atdifferent stages of the flight Flap not
extended: used when cruising, climbing and descending (no extra
lift) Flap partially extended: used for takeoff and initial climb
(extra lift) Flap fully extended: used on approach to landing and
landing (more lift with lower 15. Horizontal flaps located near the
end of the wings. They act the same way as normal flaps, when
raised, lift decreases andwhen lowered lift increases (based on the
same principle). The ailerons on both wings work simultaneously and
opposite to eachother, this means that when the aileron on the
right wing is lowered, theone on the left wing will be raised
proportionally (in the same amount) andopposite. 16. When the
aileron on one of the wings rises, lift is slightly decreased in
theend of the wing. Simultaneously the aileron in the other wing
will decreaseand slightly increase the lift in the end of the wing.
So lift increases in onewing and decreases in the other causing the
plane to roll. Ailerons are used forsteep turnsRaised aileronNormal
aileronDecreased aileron 17. Small flaps on the horizontal wing of
the tail. They work simultaneously but not opposite to each other.
The same principle is applied, when the elevators are raised, lift
isslightly decreased and when they are lowered lift is slightly
increased. 18. When the elevators are raised lift decreases in the
tail of theplane, causing it to go down and raising the nose. When
the elevators are lowered lift in the tail is increased, causing
itto go up, pointing the nose down. Elevators are raised, lift in
the tailElevators are lowered, lift in the tail decreases, nose
points up.increases, nose points down. During takeoff, ascent
andDuring descent and approach to landing landing 19. Vertical flap
on the vertical wing of the tail which turns leftor right forcing
the plane in the opposite direction. When the rudder deflects to
the right, it diverts the air to the right and thus forces the tail
of the plane to the left (applying Newtons third law of motion).
Consequently the nose rotates to the right. When the rudder
deflects to the left the same process occurs and theRudders are
used for small turns nose is rotated to the left. 20. Elevators:
control the pitch of the planeMove the nose up or downRudders:
control the yaw of the planeRotate the nose of the plane to the
leftor to the rightAilerons: control the roll of the planeTilt the
wings up or down 21. Surfaces that extend or retract on top of the
planes wing They are used for stopping the aircraft when landed as
theyincrease reasonably the amount of drag (air resistance) acting
on the aircraft 22. The plane taxis until it is lined up with the
runway When lined up with the runway flaps are lowered until about
halfwaythrough (to gain more lift) When authorization is given for
takeoff, turbines are forced to maximumpower and the airplane will
start to gain speed 23. As the plane gains speed, the wings will
start to produce more and more lift After some time (when enough
speed is gained) the pilot will rotate theplane (by the use of
elevators), changing the angle of attack of the wingscreating
enough lift (which overcomes weight) to lift the plane up 24. After
about 20 seconds from takeoff the plane will rotate (roll)
headingtowards its destination (by the use of ailerons) Then the
plane will keep climbing until reaching a certain altitude There
the turbines are lowered to about 75% of power and the angle
ofattack is adjusted in order to achieve zero lift. The plane
starts to cruise through the sky 25. At the beginning of the
descent the plane is rotated downward (pointing the nosedown) by
the use of elevators. Turbines are lowered to about 50% of their
power As it descends it lowers flaps until they reach their maximum
extension 26. When close to the runway the landing gear will be
extended In this moment turbines are lowered to minimum power
(about 40%) and theplane is rotated pointing the nose up. In this
moment the speed of the aircraft is so slow, that the lift produced
isslightly lower than weight. This will cause the plane to starts
descending slowly as it approaches therunway. 27. As soon as the
plane touches the runway, brakes and speed brakes are appliedto
stop the airplane quicker. Finally the airplane taxis to its
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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jDQTsaAGrIU/T9JkLYmT8OI/AAAAAAAANHs/zG7xilRSn7Q/s1600/airplane20landing-jj-001.jpg
http://0.tqn.com/d/inventors/1/0/y/N/turbofancolor.GIF
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