Hp wq study of ground water quality characteristics in industrially predominant areas of himachal pradesh

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Study of Ground Water Quality Characteristics in Industrially Predominant Areas of Himachal Pradesh

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to

Himachal Pradesh Irrigation & Public Health Department Hydrology Project Phase – II

Consultants

Dr Siby John Dr L N Sharma

PEC University of Technology Chandigarh

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PREFACE

This report is part of a purpose driven study entitled “Study of Ground Water

Quality Characteristics in Industrially Predominant Areas of Himachal Pradesh”

jointly undertaken by HP IPH and PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh. The

primary objective of this study was to improve and develop an integrated and

comprehensive hydrological data collection and database management system for

improved productivity and cost effectiveness of water related investments in

Himachal Pradesh.

In response to the letter No. IPH-SE-Hyd-Project II-PDSr2010 -3757-59 dated

27.08.10, a formal proposal was submitted by the Principal investigator from PEC

University of Technology, Chandigarh to the Superintending Engineer (Hydrology)

and Nodal Officer, Hydrology Project – II, IPH, Himachal Pradesh. The project

proposal was subsequently negotiated and accepted in a joint meeting held in the

office of the Superintending Engineer (Hydrology) office at Shimla on 22nd

November 2010. On receipt of the offer letter No. IPH-Hyd-II-CB-Tender-Ground

water Quality Characteristics/2010-4522-29 dated 07.01.2011; the project work was

formally initiated. The project team (Consultants / Client Deptt) after preliminary

reconnaissance prepared the Inception Report and submitted the same by 30 June

2011. The historical data available with the IPH and Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) / HPPCB were used to prepare the baseline maps. Subsequent data collected

from the analysis of samples from the identified tube wells were used to prepare the

spatial variation in groundwater quality of the study area. As the data collected from

the deep tube wells during the first phase of the study could not yield meaningful

conclusions to meet the objectives of the study, a second phase of the study was

conducted for a period of one year from March 2013 to February 2014 (extended

project duration) with sampling from the shallow tube wells identified in the study

area.

The consultants would like to place on record their deep sense of gratitude to

the Nodal Officer and all other officers of HP IPH for their cooperation and support in

implementing the project. Thanks are also due to the technical staff who worked with

in preparing the GIS based maps.

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.0 General

1.1 Statement of the Problem

1.2 Objective of the Study

CHAPTER 2 : STUDY AREA 4-10

2.0 General

2.1 Baddi, Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan

2.1.1 Climate and Rainfall

2.1.2 Geomorphology and Soil

2.1.3 Hydrogeology

2.1.4 Industries in the Baddi, Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan

2.2 Tahilwal and Mehatpur of District Una

2.2.1Climate and Rainfall

2.2.2 Geomorphology & Soil

2.2.3 Hydrogeology

2.2.4 Industries in the Tahliwal and Mehatpur of District Una

2.3 Depth to water level and water level fluctuation chapter

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 11-33

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Work plan

3.2 GIS based mapping of the study area

3.2.1 Geo-saptial setting of the study area

3.2.2 Location of industries (possible sources of contamination)

3.2.3 Georefrencing of tubewells

3.2.4 Gological an d geomorphological maps

3.2.5 Land use and land cover

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3.3 Water quality mapping

3.3.1 Baseline data

3.3.2 Identification of the tube wells and parameters for Monitoring

3.3.3 Updation of data through collection and analysis of the

groundwater samples

3.3.4 Spatial distribution of quality of water

3.3.5 Preparation of lithological maps of study area

3.3.6 Vulnerability / Pollution potential

CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34-185

4.0 General

4.1 Analysis based on the historical / baseline data

4.2 Spatial variation in deep tube wells in 2012

4.3 Spatial variation in deep tube wells in 2013

4.3.1 Pre - Monsoon

4.3.2 Post - Monsoon

4.3.3 Variation in the concentration of the parameters in deep tube wells of

pre and post monsoon 2013

4.4 Spatial variation in shallow tube wells in 2013

4.4.1 Pre - Monsoon


4.4.3 Variation in the concentration of the parameters in deep tube wells of

pre and post monsoon 2013

4.5 Major ion concentration

4.6 Lithological model

4.7 Groundwater vulnerability

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 186-188

5.1 Summary and Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

REFERENCES 189-190

APPENDIX 1

- List of Industries

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Industrialization and water resources have been usually projected on a

conflicting mode. It is intuitive that the industrial pollutants / contaminants do affect

the quality of groundwater, if they are able to get transported to the aquifers. In view

of this, a PDS entitled “Study of Ground Water Quality Characteristics in Industrially

Predominant Areas of Himachal Pradesh” was awarded under the Hydrology Project

– II, Himachal Pradesh. The major objective of the project was to improve the

hydrological data collection and management system by developing an integrated and

comprehensive hydrological data collection and information system for improved

productivity and cost effectiveness of water related investments in Himachal Pradesh.

The specific objective of the study was to assess the characteristics of groundwater in

industrially predominant areas of Himachal Pradesh.

The major industrial areas in the state of Himachal Pradesh viz Baddi-

Barotiwala in Solan District and Tahliwal- Mehatpur falling in Una District were

considered for the study. The total area of the study area was

UNA - 58.73 km2

Baddu Barotiwala - 134.00 km2

The areas are bound by the geographical setting of

UNA: 760 15’ 15” E to 76

0 22’ 0” E and 31

0 26’ 1” N to 31

0 18’ 11” N

Baddi- Barotiwala: 760 38’ 50” E to 76

0 53’ 32” E and 31

0 5’ 35” N to 30

0 52’ 0” N

To achieve the objectives of the study the following work plan was adopted:

1. Field study to mark the spatial location of groundwater structures in the

study area

2. Laboratory studies to prepare and update the database with respect to

various geochemical quality parameters of the groundwater in the study

area

3. Development of the hydro-geological database of the area of study

4. Analysis of the data and development of spatial and temporal maps/models

in a GIS environment

5. Validation of models and development of the groundwater management

tools.

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The base maps of the study area were prepared using Survey of India’s (SOI)

topographic sheet Nos 53A7, 53A12, 53A16, 53 B9 and 53 B13 of 1:50,000 scale,

secondary data collected from the various departments, GPS based spatial data and

the attribute data collected from the field work coupled with IRS LISS IV data

procured as part of this study. The study area boundaries were fixed by considering

the state boundary, drainage pattern, topography, location of industries and location of

water bodies such as rivers, streams etc. The various thematic maps such as drainage,

geomorphology, geology, landuse & landcover of the study area were prepared on a

GIS platform using ArcGIS 9.3.

The study was conducted in two distinct phases:

I. The field study to collect the samples of groundwater and to assess its

quality through laboratory studies.

II. Data analysis and preparation of the thematic maps and development of

specific groundwater management tools.

The water quality data available with HPPCB, CPCB, CGWB and HPIPH

were used to create a from the baseline data base. This baseline data was used to

identify the basic water quality parameters for the study.

A reconnaissance survey was conducted to identify representative tube well

locations for sampling of water for quality assessment. Based on the locations of the

industries and keeping in view the objectives of the study, a total of 18 tube wells (06

from Una and 12 from Baddi-Barotiwala) were chosen for the initial sampling.

Initially the data were collected for the identified deep tube wells in the study. The

maps showing the spatial variation in groundwater quality parameters in the region

were prepared using Arc/GIS. It has been found that the groundwater quality in the

region varied spatially for many of the parameters. However, the impact of the

industries on the groundwater quality could not be explicitly established in this part of

the study. Accordingly, it was decided to include specific parameters which could be

of the specific industry origin in further analysis. Parametrs like TOC/COD were

considered for tracing possible organic pollution from industries like food and

breweries, pharmaceuticals etc. Also, it was observed that the transport of the

pollutants of industry origin may take longer time period to reach the deep aquifers

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and this could be a possible reason for absence of such pollutants in the deep tube

well samples. Therefore, it was decided to dig shallow tube wells as observation wells

in the study area. The variation in the quality of groundwater in pre-monsoon and

post-monsoon was also decided to be studied. The data derived during the second

stage using the additional shallow tube wells provided better insight into the spatial

and temporal variations in the groundwater quality of the region. At few locations

traces of heavy metals like iron, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium etc were observed.

The concentration of some of the parameters was exceeding the permissible limits.

The groundwater quality did show variation in pre and post monsoon samples. The

results indicated deteriorating trend in the groundwater quality of the region.

However, a continuous long term assessment of the groundwater quality and data

analysis is essential to make better understanding of the issue. Therefore, there is an

urgent need to improve the groundwater management system in Himachal Pradesh

especially in the industrially predominant areas.

The analysis of the piezometric observations indicated that the depth to water

level was ranging from 20 m to 100 m bgl in Una, whereas in Baddi –Barotiwala it

was ranging from 40 m to 210 m bgl in this area.

The lihtological models were developed using the hardcopy log charts

available with the department. This will provide an easy tool in predicting the

lithological profile of a tube well dug in the area. It will also offer capabilities in

predicting geogenic quality of groundwater of the study area. Geochemical facies

evaluation indicated that the groundwater of the study area is of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type.

Using geographical and geological parameters, the pollution potential

(vulnerability) of the study area was evaluated. Based on vulnerability, the study areas

were classified into three categories viz low, medium and high. The vulnerability

assssemnt of the study area using DRASTIC indicated that in Una region, the highly

vulnerable area was estimated to be around 10 – 15%; whereas in Baddi-Barotiwala

the percentage area falling under highly vulnerable category was about 80 - 85%.

GIS based information system for groundwater management developed as part

of the project is useful in dealing with diverse and complex data base of groundwater

quality. The visual comparison facilitates easy understanding and decision making

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related to groundwater management. The methodology developed in the project

presents a simple GIS based information system to deal with the data base of

continuous monitoring of groundwater system.

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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1 .0 INTRODUCTION

Water as a vital natural resource for human survival has been well-established. Water

from beneath the ground has been exploited for various beneficial water uses since the

earliest times. The choice of underground water is obviously on the basis of superior

quality, low capital cost of development, development in stages to keep pace with rising

demand and convenient availability close to where water is required Apart from the

natural or geogenic factors, anthropogenic influences such as industrial or domestic waste

disposal, solid waste land filling etc. affect the quality of groundwater. Therefore,

groundwater quality is the sum of geogenic and anthropogenic influences. To monitor the

changes in the groundwater quality due to the above influences groundwater quality

assessment programmes are normally envisaged. The overall goal of a groundwater

quality assessment programme, is to obtain a comprehensive picture of the spatial

distribution of groundwater quality and of the changes with time that occur, either

naturally, or under the influence of man. However, in practice, most of the groundwater

assessment systems are limited to generating data with regard to levels of parameters

defining groundwater quality. Often, much less thought and research efforts have gone

into the data management phase of groundwater quality assessment. Therefore, to meet

the above goals of the groundwater quality assessment programme, what is required is to

process and translate these data into information which can be used for groundwater

quality management. The benefits of comprehensive and appropriate groundwater quality

information are timely water quality management, and/or pollution control measures, that

can be taken based on it.

Himachal Pradesh, since attaining state hood in 1971, has adopted an approach of

balanced inter-sectoral development to raise the standard of living and overall prosperity

of the people of the state. As part of this approach, the industrial policy of Himachal

Pradesh was announced in 1991. The efforts of the state Govt. to promote industries have

received further impetus with the notification of special package of incentives for the

state by the central Govt. in 2003. However, considering increased pressure on its water

resources due population growth, industrialization, and climate change etc. the state has

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notified its State Water Policy in the year 2005 and later revised in 2013 in line with the

national water policy 2012. The salient issues identified in the said policy are:

In Himachal Pradesh availability of water is highly uneven in both space and

time.

Some parts of state have already become water stressed.

Rapid growth in demand for water due to population growth, urbanization,

changing lifestyle and industrialisation pose serious challenges to water security.

Groundwater, though part of hydrological cycle and a community resource, is still

perceived as an individual property and is exploited inequitably and without any

consideration to its sustainability leading to its over-exploitation in several areas.

Growing pollution of water sources, especially through industrial effluents, is

affecting the availability of safe water besides causing environmental and health

hazards.

A holistic and inter-disciplinary approach at water related problems is missing.

There is a need to map the aquifers to know the quantum and quality of ground

water resources (replenishable as well as non-replenishable).

Both surface water and ground water shall be regularly monitored for quality. A

phased programme shall be undertaken for effecting changes in different

parameters. Water quality parameters for different uses shall continuously be

reviewed with a view to closely monitor the changes in water quality with time.

All hydrological data, other than those classified on national security

consideration, should be in public domain. The data may be collected, collated,

processed and maintained in open and transparent manner on a GIS platform.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Himachal Pradesh is one of the 4 new States amongst the participating 13 States and 8

Central agencies of Hydrology Project – II (HP – II). Main objective of Hydrology

Project–II is to improve and develop an integrated and comprehensive hydrological data

collection and information system for improved productivity and cost effectiveness of

water related investments in the country.

As part of the project a study to assess the impact of fast industrial growth on ground

water characteristics in the identified industrial areas of Himachal Pradesh was taken up.

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Ground water resource development in the valley parts of the state for meeting the

domestic, irrigational and industrial water needs is going on for the last three decades.

Due to extensive ground water development for irrigation and industrial units, the water

levels are likely to show depleting trend. This increasing water drawl coupled with the

disposal of sewage/effluents by growing domestic and industrial users is likely to affect

the groundwater quality. Therefore, there is an urgent need to initiate water quality

monitoring vis-à-vis water level monitoring network from both the shallow and deep

aquifers to monitor its behavior qualitatively and quantitatively, on short as well as long

term basis.

After discussing with the officials of IPH, Industry Department and HPPCB, the

following industrial areas were considered for this study:

(i) Baddi, Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan and

(ii) Tahilwal and Mehatpur of District Una.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to assess the impact of fast industrial growth on ground

water characteristics in the identified industrial areas of Himachal Pradesh in respect of

the following:

1. Groundwater quality, trend of concentration of different quality parameters

and also the changes in quality characteristics due to rapid industrialization.

2. Sustainability of available ground water resources, different artificial

measures in selected locations with regards to augmentation of fresh water

reserve (both quantitatively and qualitatively) in the study area.

3. Planning for optimum development of ground water.

4. Suggesting ameliorative measures for protecting groundwater contamination

from the industrial effluents and policy guidelines.

Monitoring of ground water quantity and quality being one of the mandates of HP-II,

thus, this study has great relevance to the project.

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CHAPTER - 2

STUDY AREA

2.0 GENERAL

The study area comprises industrially predominant areas of Himachal Pradesh viz. Baddi,

Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan and Tahilwal and Mehatpur of District Una. The

geographical, geological and hydrogeological settings of the study area and major

industries in the region are described below:

2.1 Baddi, Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan

The area is bounded by Bilaspur district in north-west & Mandi district in the north,

Shimla & Sirmaur district in east & south-east respectively. District has inter-state

boundary in the south and west with State of Haryana and Punjab respectively. The

Nalagrah form one of the 4 sub-divisions and Tehsils

The local inhabitants mainly depend on agriculture for their subsistence and adopt several

traditional practices conducive for farming in sloping terrains. Large and small scale

industrial development however has taken place randomly all over the Solan district,

especially rapid industrial development is taking place in areas adjoining Punjab plains

viz., at Nalagarh valley with in the nagar panchayat of Baddi and gram panchayat of

Barotiwala, Sandholi,


The climate of the area is sub-tropical in the valley. There are four major seasons. The

winter season commences from Nov to Feb & ends in march; summer season extends

from March to June followed by the monsoon period extending from July to September.

Maximum precipitation occurs during the months from July to September. Average

annual rainfall in the area is about 1450 mm with average of 64 rainy days. Mean

maximum and minimum temperature ranges between 34°C and 4°C.

2.1.2 Geomorphology and Soil

The study area is in the valleys portion of the district Solan with altitude ranging from

300 to 700 m above MSL. The altitude of the hill ranges is higher in northern parts

whereas south-western parts are represented by low denuded hill ranges of Siwalik. The

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Nalagarh valley is narrow and deep with steep slopes trending in NW-SE direction. The

terrain is moderately to highly dissected with steep slopes.

Sirsa nadi, forming part of the drainage basin of Sutluj, virtually running parallel to study

area is drained by streams / rivers. Most of the rivers / streams / khads maintain base flow

for major part of the year. In hilly terrain the drainage density is high and fine but it

become coarse in foothill, kandi areas and valleys.

Soil is generally sandy loam in valley areas of the district and in rest of the hilly and

mountainous areas soil is skeletal, soil depth is generally shallow except in areas having

good vegetative cover. It is generally dry, shallow and deficient in organic matter.

Landslides are the common features in mountainous terrain. Soils are rich in nutrients and

thus are fertile

2.1.3 Hydrogeology

Geologically, the rock formations occupying the district range in age from pre-Cambrian

to Quaternary period. Hydro-geologically, the unconsolidated valley fill or alluvial

formation occurring in the valley area; semi-consolidated formations belonging to

Siwalik Group and older consolidated hard rocks form aquifer in this region.

Intergarnular pore spaces in the sedimentary formations and secondary fissured porosity

in hard rocks, topographical set up coupled with precipitation in the form of rain and

snow, mainly govern occurrence and movement of ground water. Porous alluvial

formation occurring in the valley area forms the most prolific aquifer system where as the

sedimentary semi-consolidated formations and hard rocks form aquifer of low yield

prospect.

In valley area of Nalagarh, the ground water occurs in porous unconsolidated alluvial

formation (valley fills) comprising, sand, silt, gravel, cobbles/pebbles etc. Ground water

occurs both under phreatic & confined conditions. Wells and tube wells are the main

ground water supply structures. Ground water is being developed in the area by medium

to deep tube wells, dug wells, dug cum bored wells. Depth of open dug wells and dug

cum bored well in area ranges from 4.00 to 60.00 m bgl wherein depth to water level

varies from near ground surface to more then 35 m bgl. Yield of shallow aquifer is

moderate with well discharges up to 10 lps. Deeper semi-confined aquifers are being

developed by tube wells ranging in depth from 65 to 120 m tapping 25-35 m granular

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zones. The well discharges vary from about 10 to 30 lps. Static water level of the tube

wells ranges from 2.2 to 43.20 mbgl. Depth to water table shows wide variation.

2.1.4 Industries in the Baddi, Barotiwala, Nalagarh of District Solan

The major industries in the region were identified to be pharmaceutical, detergent /

cosmetics, polymer, steel or iron, chemical industries, rubber / plastic, textile and leather.

The details of the same are given in Appendix-1

2.2 Tahilwal and Mehatpur of District Una

The area is bounded by Kangra district , towards north- & east by Hamirpur & Bilaspur

districts and towards south-west by State of Punjab. Una district is well developed in the

industrial sector due to close proximity to Punjab state with Mehatpur, Gagret, Tahliwal

& Amb as main industrial centers. Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of

the district with more than 70% population engaged in the agriculture and allied sector.

Major crops like maize, wheat, rice, sugarcane and pulses are grown apart from the

vegetables in the area. Net area irrigated in the district is about 85 sq km. Ground water is

the major source of water in the district for irrigation and domestic use.


Climate of the district is tropical to temperate in nature as the terrain varies from plains to

high hills. Temperature varies from minimum of 4°C in winter to the maximum of 46°C

in summer. The area receives rainfall during monsoon period extending from June to

September and also non- monsoon period (winter). The annual average rainfall in the area

is about 1040 mm with about 55 average rainy days. The winter season starts from the

November and continues till the middle of March. Thereafter the mercury continues

rising till the set of Monsoon which starts from the last weak of June and continues till

the middle of September

2.2.2 Geomorphology & Soil

The study area nestles between Siwalik ranges and forms part of the lesser Himalaya. It

has a diverse landscape made of the hills, valleys with piedmont zone, terraces. The

elevations of the land surface in the district vary from 340 m in south-eastern part to 1041

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m above sea level (ASL) in eastern part of the district. Siwalik hill ranges form hilly

upland or plateau area with elevation up to 666 m above mean sea level. The vast area

between the northwesterly & southeasterly hill ranges, on both sides of river Soan is the

UNA valley. The undulating to plain fertile Una valley has an area of about 455 sq km

and it extends from Daulatpur in the north west to Santokhgarh in the south east.

Soan or Swan River, a tributary of river Satluj, drains the major part (80%) of the Una

district. Soan is an intermittent river and maintains base flow in the lower reaches. Soan

river divides the district into two parts. Soan river flows in a southeastern direction and

has a wide channel and exhibits braided nature. It originates near Daulatpur in the

northeastern part and leaves the district near Santokhgarh and subsequently joins river

Satluj. During monsoon Soan river gets flooded due to shallow bank heights & large area

on both sides get affected.

Two types of soils are observed in the district viz., alluvial soil and non-calcic brown soil.

Most of the area in district is covered with alluvial soil and only about 25% of the area

i.e. hilly area in the district is covered with Non-calcic brown soil. Soils are rich in

nutrients and thus are fertile

2.2.3 Hydrogeology

The rock formations occupying the district range in age from pre-Cambrian to Quaternary

period

Hydro-geologically, either the unconsolidated valley fill or alluvial formation is

occurring in the valley area and semi-consolidated sediments belonging to Siwalik Group

form aquifer system in the district. Porous alluvial formation forms the most prolific

aquifer system in the valley area where as the sedimentary semi-consolidated formation

for aquifer of low yield prospect.

The ground water in the Siwalik group of rocks occur under the unconfined to semi

confined conditions mainly in the arenaceous rocks viz., sandstone, siltstone, gravel

boulder beds etc. The occurrence and movement of ground water is controlled by inter

granular pore spaces and also the fracture porosity. Siwalik sediments underlie

Hilly/undulating areas where springs (mostly gravity/contact type) and bowries are the

main ground water structures apart from the hand pumps. In the low lying areas underlain

by Siwalik rocks, dug wells and hand pumps are the main ground water structures that

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range in depth from 3.00 to 25.00 m bgl where in depth to water level ranges from 2.50 to

15.00 m bgl. In upland/plateau areas the water level is generally deep.

In Una valley area, the ground water occurs in porous unconsolidated / alluvial formation

(valley fills) comprising sand, silt, gravel, cobbles / pebbles etc., & forms prolific aquifer.

Ground water occurs both under phreatic & confined artesian conditions. Free flowing

wells are also observed in the lower part of Soan river. Ground water is being extensively

developed in the area by medium to deep tube wells, dug wells, dug cum bore wells and

also by hand pumps. Depth of dug wells and dug cum bored well in area ranges from

4.00 to 70.00 m bgl whereas depth to water level ranges from near surface to 26.46 m bgl

in pre monsoon Yield of shallow aquifer is moderate with well discharges up to 10 lps.

In Una valley depth to water level shows wide variation. During pre- monsoon period

(May 2006) it ranged from less than 2.00 to 65.00 m bgl. Deeper water levels are

confined mainly in south west (Beet area). In major parts of Una valley, depth to water

level ranged between 2.00 & 10.00 m bgl. Some areas in discharge zone along the river

Soan, show water logging conditions where water level is less than 1.5 m bgl. Historical

data indicate seasonal fluctuation (rise) between pre and post monsoon period. In general,

fall in water level up to 2 m is observed in most part of the valley.

2.2.4 Industries in the Tahilwal and Mehatpur of District Una

The major industries in the region were identified to be pharmaceutical, detergent /

cosmetics, breweries, motor, iron and steel, chemical industries, rubber / plastic, textile

and leather. The details of the same are given in Appendix 1.

2.3 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL AND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION

It is very important to know depth to water level and its behavior with respect to time and

space. Based on the existing tube well data depth to water level for both the study areas

were prepared. In Una deeper aquifers are confined to northern parts of the district and

depth to water level is ranging from 20 m to 100 m bgl as shown in figure 2.1. Where as

in Baddi- barotiwala area deeper aquifers are confined to Nalagarh and Barotiwala areas.

The depth to water level is ranging from 40 m to 210 m bgl in this area (figure 2.2).

Several factors will affect recharge to groundwater including groundwater fluctuations.

When groundwater recharge exceeds the groundwater discharge, the rise in the

9

groundwater takes place. On perusal of tube well data it is observed that seasonal i. e pre

and post monsoon water level fluctuations are a common site in both the areas. Decline of

water level in the both the areas can be attributed to rise in number of tube wells.

Attempts should be made to regularly observe and create a data base for future

management of the groundwater fluctuations.

Figure 2.1

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Figure 2.2

11

CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

The variation in quality of groundwater systems with respect to space and time is fair

possibility due to varied geogenic and anthropogenic reasons. Although, groundwater

quality assessment is taken up as a routine activity by many agencies/departments, much

less thought and research efforts have gone into, beyond laboratory analysis and

generating enormous data. In the data treatment phase of groundwater quality assessment,

water quality and hydro-geological data need to be converted into information that can be

interpreted and used for evolving effective water management systems.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) has emerged as an effective tool for

analyzing the vast volumes of different data types, obtained from different sources. The

data of groundwater quality spread over an area can be better understood with the help of

GIS based maps. In this project work an attempt was made to improve the groundwater

database in the study area using ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI California, USA). It was also aimed to

enhance the insights into the interaction of industrialization generated anthropogenic

influences that affect the groundwater quality of the region.

The present study was carried out in two distinct steps:

I. The field study to collect the samples of groundwater and to assess its quality

through laboratory studies.

II. Data analysis and preparation of the thematic maps and development of

specific groundwater management tools.

3.1 WORK PLAN

To achieve the objectives of the study the following work plan was adopted:

1. Field study to mark the spatial location of groundwater structures in the study

area

2. Laboratory studies to prepare and update the database with respect to various

geochemical quality parameters of the groundwater in the study area

3. Development of the hydro-geological database of the area of study

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4. Analysis of the data and development of spatial and temporal maps/models in

a GIS environment

5. Validation of models and development of the groundwater management tools.

The following sections indicate methodology followed in the study: development of

thematic maps, sample collection and laboratory analysis to assess the groundwater

quality, preparation of subsurface lithological profiles and development to specific

groundwater management tools used on the data analysis.

3.2 GIS BASED MAPPING OF THE STUDY AREA

The base maps of the study area were prepared using Survey of India‟s (SOI) topographic

sheet Nos 53A7, 53A12, 53A16, 53 B9 and 53 B13 of 1:50,000 scale using the index

map shown in Map 1, secondary data collected from the various departments, GPS based

spatial data and the attribute data collected from the field work.

The following basic rationales were applied on fixing up the boundaries of the study area:

(i) State Boundary: Wherever the Himachal Pradesh state boundary

interceded, the boundary of the study area was limited to the State

Boundary. The study area map highlighting the state boundary is shown in

Map 2.

(ii) Drainage Pattern: The study area was aligned in the direction of the

predominant drainage areas in accordance with the basic objectives of the

study. Map 3 and Map 4 show the map of the study areas indicating the

prominent drainage pattern.

(iii) Topography: Similar to drainage pattern, the slope and gradient of the

area was considered for deciding the boundaries of the study area.

(iv) Location of the Industries: In order to understand the impact of

industries on the groundwater of the region, the density of the industries

was considered to fix the extent of the study area in the industrial belts in

the Una and Solan districts. Map 5 and Map 6 depict the industries

identified to have possible impacts on the ground water aquifers in the

study area.

13

MAP 1

14

MAP 2

15

MAP 3

16

MAP 4

17

MAP 5

18

MAP 6

19

(v) Location of water bodies: As the water bodies impose natural limitations

to the flow of water/subsurface water, the boundaries fixed according to

the water bodies.

3.2.1 GEO-SAPTIAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA

The total area of the study area is reckoned as

UNA - 58.73 km2

Baddi Barotiwala - 134.00 km2

The areas are bound by the geographical setting of

UNA: 760 15‟ 15” E to 76

0 22‟ 0” E and 31

0 26‟ 1” N to 31

0 18‟ 11” N

Baddi- Barotiwala: 760 38‟ 50” E to 76

0 53‟ 32” E and 31

0 5‟ 35” N to 30

0 52‟ 0” N

3.2.2 LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES (POSSIBLE SOURCES OF

CONTAMINATION)

Both the areas are predominantly industrial in nature with major types of industries

classified as Iron and Steel industries, Aluminum industries, Chemical units,

Pharmaceutical companies, Rubber and Plastics, Textile and Polymer and Soap and

Cosmetics units. The industries which are potential contamination sources are mapped

and are placed at Map 5 and Map 6. The details of the industries are presented in

Appendix 1.

3.2.3 GEOREFRENCING OF TUBEWELLS

A survey was conducted to identify and locate the tube wells both deep and shallow in

the study area. The location of tube wells was recorded using GPS 72H (Garmin, USA).

3.2.4 GEOLOGICAL AN D GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPS

The geological maps of the study area, Baddi-Barotiwala and Una are attached at Map 7

and Map 8, respectively. The geomorphological maps of the study areas are presented at

Map 9 and Map 10.

3.2.5 LAND USE AND LAND COVER

Land use / land cover map of the study area on 1:250,000 scale (Maps 11 and 12) was

prepared using NRC LISS IV data (procured by the H.P IPH)

20

MAP 7

21

MAP 8

22

MAP 9

23

MAP 10

24

MAP 11

25

MAP 12

26

3.3 WATER QUALITY MAPPING

3.3.1 BASELINE DATA

There is no common database generation or management practices with respect to

groundwater on one platform is available in the study area (i.e., some of the tube wells

are owned / managed by HP IPH, some are owned by industries department and some are

privately owned) . The H.P IPH, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), CPCB and

HPPCB had taken some initiative of analyzing the groundwater quality of the region. The

historical data so available for the base years were used as base line data.

3.3.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE TUBE WELLS and PARAMETERS FOR

MONITORING

In this study, based on the spatial analysis of the base line data, it was decided to monitor

06 tube wells in Una and 12 in Baddi Barotiwala. The tube well locations in both the

areas are shown in Maps 13 and Map 14. The tube wells were so chosen that the wells

should be representative and should meet the objectives of the study. Later, in the second

phase of the study some additional shallow tube wells were dug to meet the requirements

of the specific objectives of the study. The possible parameters of importance were

decided based on the type and density of the industries in the vicinity of the tube wells.

The list of the parameters is shown in table 3.1. In the second phase of the study, during

extended period 6 shallow tube wells each were dug and monitored from both the

industrial areas (study areas).

3.3.3 UPDATION OF DATA THROUGH COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF

THE GROUNDWATER SAMPLES

As per the agreement of the project the H.P IPH Department collected the samples from

the identified wells and analysed it at its own laboratory at Mandi (HP), P.H. Lab Una

H.P. Some of the major parameters especially the heavy metals were got analysed from

third party NABL accredited laboratory (Eco Laboratories and Consultants Pvt Limited,

Mohali).

The test methods, detection limits and standards are presented in table 3.1.

27

MAP 13

28

MAP 14

29

Table 3.1 Test method and Standards

S.No Test Parameters Test Method Requirements as per IS:

10500-1991

Desirable

Limits

In absence of

Alternate

Source

1. pH value IS: 3025(P-11) 1983 R-2002 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation

2. Total Hardness (as

CaCO3)

IS: 3025(P-521) 1983 R-2002

Ad. 1

Max 300 Max 600

3. Conductivity IS: 3025(P-14) 1984 R-2002 --- ---

4. Chloride (as Cl) IS: 3025(P-32) 1988 R-1999 Max 250 Max 100

5. Sulphate (as SO4) IS: 3025(P-24) 1986 R 1998 Max 200 400 (Sec col7)

6. Manganese (as Mn) IS: 3025(P-59): 2006

(DL= 0.05 mg/l)

Max 0.1 0.3

7. Nitrate (as NO3) IS: 3025 (P-34)1988 R 1999

(DL= 0.1 mg/l)

Max 45 100

8. Iron (as Fe) IS: 3025(P-53): 2003 Max 0.3 Max 1.0

9. Alkalinity, Max. APHA 21st ED 2005-2320 B Max 200 600

10. Acidity IS: 3025(P-22) 1986 R-2002 --- ---

11. Turbidity IS: 3025(P-10) 1984 R-2002 Max 5 Max 10

12. Dissolved Solids IS: 3025(P-53) 2003 Max 0.3 Max 1.0

13. Fluoride (as F) APHA-21st

ED. 2005-4500 D Max 1.0 1.5

14. Mercury (as Hg) APHA- 3112B- 21st

ED.2005

DL= 0.001 mg/l

Max 0.001 No relaxation

15. Cadmium (as Cd) IS: 3025(Part 41) 1992 R 1998

DL= 0.008 mg/l


16. Cyanide (as CN) IS: 302(Part 27): 1986

DL= 0.01 mg/l


17. Lead (as Pb) APHA- 21st

ED.2005-

3111BA-AC

DL= 0.02 mg/l


18. Zinc (as Zn) IS: 3025 (P-49) 1994 R 1999

Amnd. 1

DL= 0.02 mg/l

Max 5 15

19. Copper (as Cu) APHA- 21st

ED.2005- 3111B

DL= 0.02 mg/l

Max 0.05 1.5

20. Chromium (as Cr) APHA- 21st

ED.2005- 3111B

DL= 0.02 mg/l


21. Coliforms IS: 1622-1981 R 2003 Max 10 ---

22. Feacal Coliforms IS:1622-1981 R 2003 --- ---

30

3.3.4 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY OF WATER:

The GIS based analysis of spatio-temporal behaviour of the groundwater quality in the

study area was done using the Geostatistical Analyst module of ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI,

USA). The interpolation technique used in the analysis is inverse distance weighted

(IDW) method. IDW is an algorithm for spatially interpolating, or estimating values

between measurements. Each value estimated in an IDW interpolation is a weighted

average of the surrounding sample points. Weights are computed by taking the inverse of

the distance from an observation‟s location to the location of the point being estimated.

The variation of each geochemical parameter is plotted taking into consideration the

minimum and maximum value of each parameter as well as permissible limits as per

standards. The spatial maps are prepared for base line data as well as current data.

3.3.5 PREPARATION OF LITHOLOGICAL MAPS OF STUDY AREA

Litho logical strata charts of the tube wells falling in the study area and its vicinity have

been collected from the client department (H.P IPH). The lithological data is interpreted

from samples collected at the time of drilling and electric logging which uses the

resistivity methods. The subsurface data was transferred in the Excel sheet and was

imported in the RockWorks14 (RockWare Inc., USA) software package for geological

data management, analysis, and visualization. It offers tools for modeling, image

creation, and report generation. The specific tool of Rockware software to link with

ArcGIS is used so that the work can be done in ArcGIS 9.3 window with RockWorks14

as a special tool.

The layer-wise lithological database of each tube well is prepared and the database file so

prepared is run on the Software for the generation of subsurface lithological model of the

study area. In order to bring more clarity to the subsurface lithology of the area, the

sections are selected in the direction of flow and in its perpendicular.

3.3.6 VULNERABILITY / POLLUTION POTENTIAL

A DRASTIC model applied in a GIS environment was used to evaluate the vulnerability

of the shallow groundwater of study area. The DRASTIC model was developed by the

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate groundwater pollution potential

for the entire United States. It was based on the concept of the hydro-geological setting

that is defined as a composite description of all the major geologic and hydrologic factors

31

that affect and control the groundwater movement into, through and out of an area (Aller

et al. 1987). The acronym DRASTIC stands for the seven parameters used in the model

which are: depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of

vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity (Table 5.8). The model yields a numerical index

that is derived from ratings and weights assigned to the seven model parameters. The

DRASTIC Index is then computed applying a linear combination of all factors according

to the following equation:

Drastic Index = Dr Dw + Rr Rw + Ar Aw + Sr Sw + Tr Tw + Ir Iw + Cr Cw = Pollution

Potential

Where D, R, A, S, T, I, C represent the seven hydrogeologic factors, r is the notation for

rating value (1–10) and w is the weight value for a given parameter (1–5), which are

given below in tabular format (Table 5.8). The resulting DRASTIC index was calculated

for each location and plotted using ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI, USA).

Table 3.2: Assigned weights for calculating ‘DRASTIC INDEX’

Feature Weight

Depth to water table 5

Net Recharge 4

Aquifer Media 3

Soil Media 2

Topography 1

Impact of Vadose Zone 5

Hydraulic Conductivity of the Aquifer 5

Table 3.3 Ranges and ratings for depth to water table

Range in meters Rating

0-1.5 10

1.5.-4.5 9

4.5-9.1 7

9.1-15.2 5

15.2-22.9 3

22.9-30.5 2

>30.5 1

32

Table 3.4 Ranges and ratings for aquifer media

Range Weight

Massive Shale 2

Metamorphic/Igneous 3

Weathered Metamorphic/Igneous 4

Thin Bedded Sandstone, Limestone Shale

Sequences

6

Massive Sandstone 6

Massive Limestone 6

Sand and Gravel 8

Basalt 9

Karst Limestone 10

Table 3.5 Ranges and ratings for soil media

Range Rating

Thin or Absent 10

Gravel 10

Sand 9

Peat 8

Shrinking and /or Aggregated Clay 7

Sandy Loam 6

Loam 5

Silty Loam 4

Clay Loam 3

Muck 2

Non-shrinking and Non-aggregated Clay 1

Table 3.6 Ranges and ratings for topography (percent slope)

Range Rating

0-2 10

2-6 9

6-12 5

12-18 3

18+ 1

33

Table 3.7 Ranges and ratings for impact of Vadose Zone Media

Range Rating

Silt/Clay 1

Shale 3

Limestone 6

Sandstone 6

Bedded Limestone, Sandstone, Shale 6

Sand and Gravel with significant Silt and

Clay

6

Metamorphic / Igneous 4

Sand and Gravel 8

Basalt 9

Karst Limestone 10

Table 3.8 Ranges and ratings for K Value

Range Rating

0.05-0.5 1

0.5-1.5 2

1.5-3.5 4

3.5.-5 6

5-10 8

>10 10

Table 3.9 Ranges and ratings for net recharge

Range in mm Rating

0-50.8 1

50.8-101.6 3

101.6-177.8 6

177.8-254.0 8

>254.0 9

34

CHAPTER-4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 GENERAL

The major thrust of the study was to improve the status of the groundwater management

system vis-a-vis the groundwater quality data base management in the wake of rapid

industrialization in the study area. To meet the challenges in the complexity and diversity

of the data base with regard to groundwater quality GIS based data base management and

modeling approach was used. This section deals with the variation in the groundwater

quality with respect to space and time. Maps showing the spatial and temporal variation

in groundwater quality are presented. The results are presented for both base line data and

updated data generated as part of the study. In the extended period of the study specific

attention was paid to understand the groundwater quality changes with respect to pre and

post monsoon period. Also, efforts were made to study the possible impact of

industrialization in groundwater quality by drawing samples from the specific shallow

wells dug in the study area.

4.1 ANALYSIS BASED ON THE HISTORICAL / BASELINE DATA

The available historical data collected from HPIPH, HPPCB, CGWB and CPCB were

analysed and the information is presented in figure 4.1 to 4.10. Based on this analysis and

the possible contaminants originated from the industries in the vicinity the parameters for

the further study were decided.

4.2 SPATIAL VARIATION IN DEEP TUBE WELLS IN 2012

This section deals with the spatial variation in quality parameters such as pH, TH,

Conductivity, Cl, SO4, Mn, NO3, Fe, Alkalinity, Acidity, Turbidity, Dissolved Solids, F,

Hg, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Coliforms and Faecal Coliform. The specific test results of

all the samples for all the parameters are attached as Appendix 2. The spatial variation in

the above water quality parameters for both the study areas is depicted in figure 4.11 to

4.39.

From the figures it can be seen that the deep tube well samples analyzed in 2012, in

Baddi area the alkalinity and chloride exceed the permissible limit about 5% of the total

area. The heavy metal concentration in the entire area was less than the permissible limit

except lead which is found to be slightly more than the permissible limit in the Kalu

35

Jhanda area, which was dominated by leather industries. In the Una area almost all the

parameters were with in the permissible limits except alkalinity and chloride which were

found to be exceeding permissible limit in about 2-3% of the total area. However, it was

concluded that the perceptible change in the quality of the groundwater could not be

observed due to the fact that the samples were drawn from deep tube wells and where the

impact of the industrial effluent could be possibly less. Therefore it was suggested after

this phase of the study that in order to achieve the specific objectives of the study,

samples should be drawn from shallow tube wells where the possible impact of industrial

effluent may be significant.

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2



36




37



38



39



40



41



42



43


Figure 4.39

44

4.3 SPATIAL VARIATION IN DEEP TUBE WELLS IN 2013

4.3.1 Pre - Monsoon

Figures 4.40 to 4.63 show the spatial variation of the various quality parameters in deep

tube wells during the pre-monsoon period. The figures indicate that quality attributes in

deep tube wells did not show significant variation from the results of 2012. Both in Una

and Baddi-Barotiwala, the iron concentration is found to be exceeding the permissible

limit, possibly due to the presence of iron and steel industry or metal working industries

effluent. However, the additional parameters like of TOC or COD did figure in some of

the tube wells especially at locations close to industries where such organic pollution is

anticipated. Therefore, it was decided that such a parameter may be continued to be

monitored in the subsequent samplings. Concentration of some heavy metals like Lead,

Zinc, Chromium, Cadmium etc., although was observed in few tube wells, no meaningful

conclusions could be drawn due to paucity of data. However, the continued monitoring of

these wells and analysis of data would provide more insights into this observation


The results of spatial mapping of the variation of various water quality parameters in

deep tube wells for the post – monsoon are shown in figures 4.64 to 4.85.

4.3.3 VARIATION IN THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PARAMETERS IN

DEEP TUBE WELLS OF PRE AND POST MONSOON 2013

Comparison of the changes in groundwater quality parameters with in pre and post

monsoon is attempted in this section. Figures 4.86 to 4.89 present the temporal change in

the groundwater quality in deep tube wells in the study area. The changes in water quality

parameters with respect to space as indicated therein show that there is variation in the

concentration of some of the parameters between pre – monsoon and post – monsoon

(alkalinity, iron, hardness etc). The concentration of most of the parameters reduced in

post – monsoon.

45

Figure 4.40

46

Figure 4.41

47

Figure 4.42

48

Figure 4.43

49

Figure 4.44

50

Figure 4.45

51

Figure 4.46

52

Figure 4.47

53

Figure 4.48

54

Figure 4.49

55

Figure 4.50

56

Figure 4.51

57

Figure 4.52

58

Figure 4.53

59

Figure 4.54

60

Figure 4.55

61

Figure 4.56

62

Figure 4.57

63

Figure 4.58

64

Figure 4.59

65

Figure 4.60

66

Figure 4.61

67

Figure 4.62

68

Figure 4.63

69

Figure 4.64

70

Figure 4.65

71

Figure 4.66

72

Figure 4.67

73

Figure 4.68

74

Figure 4.69

75

Figure 4.70

76

Figure 4.71

77

Figure 4.72

78

Figure 4.73

79

Figure 4.74

80

Figure 4.75

81

Figure 4.76

82

Figure 4.77

83

Figure 4.78

84

Figure 4.79

85

Figure 4.80

86

Figure 4.81

87

Figure 4.82

88

Figure 4.83

89

Figure 4.84

90

Figure 4.85

91

Figure 4.86

92

Figure 4.87

93

Figure 4.88

94

Figure 4.89

95

Figure 4.90

96

Figure 4.91

97

Figure 4.92

98

Figure 4.93

99

Figure 4.94

100

Figure 4.95

101

Figure 4.96

102

Figure 4.97

103

4.4 SPATIAL VARIATION IN SHALLOW TUBE WELLS IN 2013

4.4.1 Pre - Monsoon

In the extended phase of the study special attention was made to understand the spatial

variation in the quality of groundwater in the top aquifers (Shallow wells). Figures 4.98

to 4.122 Show the spatial variation in the quality parameters in the shallow tube wells.

Most of the parameters showed a trend below the permissible limits. However, the

additional parameters like of TOC or COD did figure in some of the tube wells especially

at locations close to industries where such organic pollution is anticipated. Therefore, it

was decided that such a parameter may be continued to be monitored in the subsequent

samplings. Concentration of some heavy metals like Lead, Zinc, Chromium, Cadmium

etc., although was observed in few tube wells, no meaningful conclusions could be drawn

due to paucity of data. However, the continued monitoring of these wells and analysis of

data would provide more insights into this observation


The figures 4.123 to 4.148 depict the spatial variation in the quality of groundwater in

shallow wells in the post monsoon period.

4.4.3 VARIATION IN THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PARAMETERS IN

SHALLOW TUBE WELLS OF PRE AND POST MONSOON 2013

Comparison of the changes in groundwater quality parameters with in pre and post

monsoon is attempted in this section. Figures 4.149 to 4.172 present the temporal change

in the groundwater quality in shallow tube wells in the study area. The changes in water

quality parameters with respect to space as indicated therein show that there is variation

in the concentration of some of the parameters between pre – monsoon and post –

monsoon (alkalinity, iron, hardness etc). The concentration of most of the parameters

reduced in post – monsoon.

104

Figure 4.98

105

Figure 4.99

106

Figure 4.100

107

Figure 4.101

108

Figure 4.102

109

Figure 4.103

110

Figure 4.104

111

Figure 4.105

112

Figure 4.106

113

Figure 4.107

114

Figure 4.108

115

Figure 4.109

116

Figure 4.110

117

Figure 4.111

118

Figure 4.112

119

Figure 4.113

120

Figure 4.114

121

Figure 4.115

122

Figure 4.116

123

Figure 4.117

124

Figure 4.118

125

Figure 4.119

126

Figure 4.120

127

Figure 4.121

128

Figure 4.122

129

Post Monsoon

Figure 4.123

130

Figure 4.124

131

Figure 4.125

132

Figure 4.126

133

Figure 4.127

134

Figure 4.128

135

Figure 4.129

136

Figure 4.130

137

Figure 4.131

138

Figure 4.132

139

Figure 4.133

140

Figure 4.134

141

Figure 4.135

142

Figure 4.136

143

Figure 4.137

144

Figure 4.138

145

Figure 4.139

146

Figure 4.140

147

Figure 4.141

148

Figure 4.142

149

Figure 4.143

150

Figure 4.144

151

Figure 4.145

152

Figure 4.146

153

Figure 4.147

154

Figure 4.148

155

Figure 4.149

156

Figure 4.150

157

Figure 4.151

158

Figure 4.152

159

Figure 4.153

160

Figure 4.154

161

Figure 4.155

162

Figure 4.156

163

Figure 4.157

164

Figure 4.158

165

Figure 4.159

166

Figure 4.160

167

Figure 4.161

168

Figure 4.162

169

Figure 4.163

170

Figure 4.164

171

Figure 4.165

172

Figure 4.166

173

Figure 4.167

174

Figure 4.168

175

Figure 4.169

176

Figure 4.170

177

Figure 4.171

178

Figure 4.172

179

4.5 MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

The major ion concentration of the groundwater chemical quality was evaluated using the

trilinear diagram (piper diagram). The data derived from the groundwater quality analysis

of the study areas were used for making the piper diagram. Figures 4.173 and 4.174.

depict the piper diagram for Una and Baddi and Barotiwala areas of the study,

respectively. Geochemical facies evaluation of the groundwater indicated that most of the

samples, both from shallow and deep wells, are of the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type.

Figure 4.173 Piper diagram (Una)

180

Figure 4.174 Piper diagram (Baddi)

4.6 LITHOLOGICAL MODEL

Figures 4.175 and 4.178 indicate the lithological model of the study areas using the

procedure demonstrated in section 3.3.5. The cross section so derived will be of use in

predicting the lithological profile of the wells and in identifying the lithologically ideal

locations for well construction.

181

Figure 4.175

Figure 4.176

182

Figure 4.177

Figure 4.178

183

4.7 GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY

Vulnerability/pollution potential is an estimate of the potential threat of the groundwater

to pollution. The approach used is to prepare a pollution potential index based on the

topography, drainage pattern and lithological profile of the region. Using the thematic

maps of the region, the final vulnerability map was prepared by running the DRASTIC

model in the GIS environment by superimposing the seven hydro-geological layers.

Figures 4.179 & 4.180 show the vulnerability maps for the study areas. The Drastic

Indices obtained from the model varied largely from 100 to 160. The study areas were

divided into less vulnerable (less than 100), moderately vulnerable (100 – 150) and

highly vulnerable (more than 150) with respect to groundwater pollution. In Una region,

the highly vulnerable area was estimated to be around 10 – 15%; whereas in Baddi-

Barotiwala the percentage area falling under highly vulnerable category was about 80 -

85%. Incidentally, under the natural conditions, the high and moderate groundwater

vulnerability zones are mainly located in the groundwater recharge zones. This map

would help in identifying the vulnerable areas in the region and would provide a

management tool in deciding the location of groundwater extraction structures and

potential pollution threat in decision making with respect to groundwater management.

184

Figure 4.179

185

Figure 4.180

186

CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The project was undertaken as part of Hydrology Project – II (HP – II) with an objective

to improve and develop an integrated and comprehensive hydrological data collection

and database management system for improved productivity and cost effectiveness of

water related investments in Himachal Pradesh. The specific objective of the study was to

assess the characteristics of groundwater in industrially predominant areas of Himachal

Pradesh. The major industrial areas in the state of Himachal Pradesh viz Baddi-

Barotiwala in Solan district and Tahliwal- Mehatpur falling in Una District were

considered for the study. The water quality data from the baseline data and data collected

as part of this study were used for preparing the GIS based information system for

groundwater management in the region. Based on the analysis of the data and

observations, the following specific conclusions are drawn:

There is an urgent need to improve the groundwater management system in

Himachal Pradesh especially in the industrially predominant areas.

GIS based information system for groundwater management is useful in dealing

with diverse and complex data base of groundwater quality

The quality of the groundwater in the study area varied both spatially and

temporarily (Pre monsoon and Post monsoon)

Although it is intuitive that the industrial effluents affect the groundwater quality,

no substantiative proof to this effect could be derived from this study based on the

deep tube well water quality studies.

Although the transport of the pollutants / contaminants from the industrial

effluents to the aquifers as hypothesised could not be established based on the

water quality assessment done in the deep aquifers, the results indicated

deteriorating trend in the groundwater quality in the region.

The water quality of the shallow wells was found to be inferior to that of deep

wells.

The lihtological models developed from the log data of the study area would be

useful in groundwater management decision making

187

Geochemical facies evaluation indicated that the groundwater of the study area is

of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type

The vulnerability assessment of the study area using DRASTIC indices indicated

that both the studies areas are vulnerable to contamination of groundwater. In Una

region, the highly vulnerable area was estimated to be around 10 – 15%; whereas

in Baddi-Barotiwala the percentage area falling under highly vulnerable category

was about 80 - 85%.

The methodology proposed here in presents a simple GIS based information

system to deal with the data base of continuous monitoring of groundwater system.

This information system could also be used for the impact assessment of

industrial activities and policy decisions on groundwater management.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are made based on the present study:

Continuous monitoring of the observation wells in the industrially predominant

areas of the Himachal Pradesh is essential to understand the impact of the

industries in the vicinity on the groundwater quality

A GIS based information system for groundwater management is essential to be

established in the industrially predominant areas of the Himachal Pradesh. Data

on a continuous basis to be input to this information system so as to regularly

asses the spatial and temporal changes in the groundwater quality in the area

Although the impact of the industrial pollutants or contaminants on the

groundwater quality is intuitive no clear correlation could be established as part

of this study. A study and modeling of pollutant transport in the geographical

region is required to establish a clear correlation or „cause – effect‟ relationship

In this study, the groundwater quality was assessed based on the drinking water

quality parameters. However, a long term study tracking the specific parameters

identified to be originated from the industry(s) under consideration should be

taken up to establish the „cause – effect‟ relationship (e.g., the monitoring of

TOC, COD etc as proposed in the later part of the study).

Since the study areas receives high average annual rainfall, it is recommended

that rainwater harvesting may be adopted as a mandatory requirement in all the

industries / buildings in the region

188

The development of the groundwater resources in the region should be carried out

in a controlled and phased manner. The fluctuations in the water level and quality

changes may have to be continuously monitored and the management of the

groundwater in the region may be carried out by a single agency / department

The monitoring and management of the industrial effluents emanate from the

region should be carried out and effluent treatment should be made mandatory for

all the industries

189

REFERENCES

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groundwater quality trends in a chalk aquifer threatened by intensive agriculture

in Belgium., Journal of Hydrogeology, V 15(2), pp1615-1627, 2007

Al-Adamat, A.R.N Foster, I.D.L and Baban, SMJ, Groundwater vulnerability and

riskmapping for the Balastic auifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS ,

Remote sensing and DRASTIC, Applied Geography, V 23 (3) , pp 303-324, 2003.

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standardized system for evaluation groundwater pollution potential using

hydrogeological settings, EPA 600/2/87/035: 625, 1987

CGWB, Groundwater Information Booklet, Una District, Himachal Pradesh, 2007

CGWB, Groundwater Information Booklet, Solan District, Himachal Pradesh,

2007

CGWB, Groundwater year Book Himachal Pradesh (2007-2008)

CGWB, Groundwater Management Studies Una District, Himachal Pradesh

(Reapprisal Hydrogeologcal Survey, AAP 2006-2007)

CGWB, Aquifer System of Himachal Pradesh, 2012

CPCB, Status of water quality in India, 2010

Rajesh Bansal, L. N. Sharma and Siby John, Analysis, Assessment and Mapping

of Groundwater Quality of Chandigarh (India), Journal. of Environmental Science

and Engg., V 53(2), pp 157-162, April 2011

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Mapping of Chandigarh in Ghaggar Basin, 23rd

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mapping for Chandigarh (India), Proc. Int. Conf ASCE-EWRI India, IIT Madras,

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for Sustainable Development”, Goa, Sept 27-30, , pp 36, 2006

SNO. LOCATION AUTO CHEMICAL SOAP ELECT FOOD H/WARE LEATHERPHARMAC

EUTICALPLASTIC PRINTIG STEEL TEXT. TOTAL

1 Baddi 47 41 29 68 20 4 9 68 53 26 21 15 401

2 Jharmajri 1 6 9 20 6 0 4 40 13 14 8 5 126

3 Barotiwala 4 11 10 9 0 0 2 12 8 4 10 1 71

4 Malpur 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 10 5 0 0 1 22

5 Manpura 1 1 0 8 0 0 2 10 2 6 0 0 30

6 Kirpalpura 5 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 18

7 Rajpura 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 11

8 Kishanpura 5 4 3 2 0 0 1 20 7 13 0 1 56

9 Bagbania 0 1 0 4 3 0 1 11 1 4 0 0 25

10 Khera 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 7

11 Dundhli 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 11 5 0 0 0 23

12 Kalujhunda 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3

13 Nangal 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 7

TOTAL 67 68 56 122 35 4 20 188 95 72 44 29 800

APPENDIX 1 : TYPE AND NUMBER OF FACTORIES IN BADDI AND BAROTIWALA AREA

Sr. No. NAME ADDRESS PRODUCT1 Agnihotri Concrete Blocks, Plot No. 16-17, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Concrete Blocks2 Alfa Cement Industry, 34-B, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Cement3 Anand Offset Printers & Packers, 35, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Offset Printing4 Arora Industries Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 68-69, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Laundry Soap5 Asterisk Health Care, V.P.O. Bela, Bathuri, Teh. Haroli, Una Pharmaceuticals6 B.B. Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 18-22, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Chlorinated Plastic7 Bectore Food Specialistries Ltd., Plot No. 13, Phase 1-2 Ind. Area Biscuits8 Beta Max Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 24-25, Ind. Area Phase-I/II Pharmaceutical 9 Crystal & Rosin Turpentine, Plot No. 79, Ind. Area Tahliawal, Una Cuppies & Patties10 D J Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Kh. No. 60-61, Vill. Bela Bathuri, Teh. Pharmaceutical 11 Dee Vashisht Ent., Plot No. 78, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Doona Plates12 Deep Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 65, Ind Area Tahliwal, Una Disposable Paper Plates & Duna13 Deepak Fasteners Ltd. Unit-Ii, Near 33 Kv Sub Sta, Ind. Area, Ph-Iv, Nut-Bolts14 Devki Nandan Steel Works, Plot No. Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Fabricated Steel Structure, Cross Arms 15 Divine Meditech (P) Ltd., # 18, Phase-III, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Electronic Medical Surgical Equipments16 Divyam Storage System, Vill. Bela Bathri, Tahliwal Pallet Packs, Slotted Angles Cable Tray17 Ess Ess Industries, Plot No. 76-77, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Plastic Parts18 Gawala Cattle Feed Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 57-58, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Gram Udyog Welfare Association19 Geeta Industries, V.P.O. Bathu, Teh. Haroli, Una Water Tank20 Goodwill Pre-Pob., Near Power Grid V.P.O. Nangal Kalan, Transformer Parts21 H.N. Steel Casting Pvt. Ltd., Vill. Bathri, Teh. Haroli Near Tahliwal, Ingots22 Haustus Biotech Pvt. Ltd., P. No. 44-45, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Pharmaceuticals23 Hi-Flex Laminatoes, Plot No. 8-A, Ph. Ii, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Printers & Laminators24 Hike Leather Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 3, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Shoes25 HNI International Pvt. Ltd., Bathu, Teh. Haroli, Una Fasteners26 J.K. Gases, Plot No. 1,2, 2A-3, Ind.Area Tahliwal, Una Oxygen Gas27 J.M. J. Essential Oil Co., Plot No.39, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Perfume28 Jay Pee Enterprises, Plot No. 3, Phase Iii, Ind. Area Tahliwal, L.D., H.D., P.P. Granula29 Jay Pee Industries, Plot No.35A, Phase 1 & 2, Ind. Area, Welding Electrodes & M.S. Binding Wire30 Jupiter Multi Fruit Products, Plot No. 1, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una, (H.P.) R.T.S. Jam Pickle Savees

INDL. AREA TAHLIWAL (UNA)

APPENDIX 1

31 Kaloti Forege Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 71, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Nut Bolts & H.B. Wire32 Kamlesh Electrical Works Pvt. Ltd., Shed-9, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Electrical Accessories33 Kaushal Floor Mills Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 3, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Atta, Meda, Suji34 Laxmi Packaging Products, Plot No. 50, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Corrugated Boxes35 Lovin-Care Cosmetics Pvt. Ltd., Vpo Bathu, Teh. Haroli, Una Cosmetics 36 Lucky Boards, Vill Gurplah, Teh. Haroli, Distt. Una Mill, Mix & Hard Board37 Mahesh International Co., Plot No. 39-40, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Tea38 Manbik Graphics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 40, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Computer Stationery39 Mefro Organic Ltd., Plot No.4, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Pharmaceuticals40 Megaa Bakers Pvt. Ltd., Plot No.2, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Biscuits41 Mehak Chemical Pvt. Ltd., # 47, 48, 49, 53,54,55, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Stable Bleaching Powder42 Midas-Care Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Vpo Bathu, Teh. Haroli, Una Pharmaceutical 43 Milli Trends & Foils, V.P.O. Bela Batteri, Haroli, Una Leather Foil44 Mohindra Glass Craft, Plot No. 57, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Fancy Mirrors45 Mohit Plastics, Shed No. 7, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Plastic Goods46 Monika Food Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 63, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Basen47 Muneesh Cattle Feed Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 26, Inda. Area Tahliwal, Una Gram Udyog Welfare Association

48 Nayasa Multiplast, Bela Bathri, Teh. Haroli, Una Plastics Dana

49 Neelam Alloys & Casting, Vill Bela Bathri, Distt. Una M.S. & C. I. Casting50 Nisha Enterprises, Shed No. 4 Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Plastic Elect.51 P.B. Poles Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 8, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una P.B. Poles52 Pooja Cardboard Box Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 50,51,52, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Cardboard Box53 Pritika Autocast Pvt. Ltd., Vill. Bathri, Tahliwal, Haroli, Una Tractors Parts54 Pure Pet Recycling Co. Unit � No. - 1, Plot No. 75, Ind. Area Phase I-Ii Tahliwal, Pet Flakes/Plastic Inpemes55 R & S Laboratories, 14 & 15, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Pharmaceuticals56 Rahul Cattle Feed Industries, Plot No. 33, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Cattle Feed57 Ravi Concretes, Plot No. 2-Iii Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Concretes Blocks58 Regal Snack Pvt. Ltd., Vill. Shampura, Tahliwal, Una Potato Chipps59 Rehal Furniture Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 45, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Nip Furniture60 Ridhi Sidhi Engineers, 453/1, Bela Bathri, Tahliwal, Una Water Treatment, Food Processing & 61 Royal Steel & Furniture Industry, Plot No. 4-Iii, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Steel Furniture, Mattresses

62 S.R. Steels,. Vill. Bathri, Teh. Haroli Near Tahliwal, TMT Bars63 Saini Barke System Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 25, Phase-III, Tahliwal, Una Wheel & Slave Cylinder & Parts64 Saini Polymers Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 73, 74 Phase-II, Tahliwal, Una Break Parts65 Sainson Pulp & Paper Ltd., . Vpo. Tahliwal, Una Paper66 Sandal Dhoop Pvt. Ltd.,. Plot No. 59, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Dhoop67 Sandal Floor Mills Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Atta & Wheat Products68 Sarup Tannries Ltd.,. Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Shoes69 Saw Tech Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 26, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Diamond Tool70 Shiv Om Poly Pipe Pvt. Ltd.,. Plot No. 41-42-43, Tahliwal, Una PLBHDPE Pipe & HDPE Pipe71 Shivani Knitwears Pvt. Ltd.,. Plot No. 66, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Knit Wears72 Shree Ganesh Plastic Industries,. Plot No. 6, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Plastic Dana73 Shri Om Vinyle & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.,. Vill. Bela Bathri, Teh. Haroli, Una Solvent Chemicals74 Siddhartha Cosmetics Plus Products,. 82, 83 Ph. I-Ii, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Cosmetics 75 Sudarshan Pine Product, . Plot No. 84-85 A, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Pine Product76 Sukhjit Agro Industries, . Vill. Gurplah, Sub. The. Haroli, Una Liquid Glucose,77 Surindera Engineering Works,. Plot No. 46-56, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Engineers Fabricators78 Suvidha Associates,. # 20, Phase-3 Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Plastic Moulded Foot Wear79 Tara Mandal Minks Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 1, Phase-I, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Soft Mink Blankets80 Una Spunpipe Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 9, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Spun Pipe81 Vinagak Food Product, . Plot No. 17, Ind. Area, Tahliwal, Una Food & Bakery

82 Vinayak Steel Industries,. Bela Bathri, The. Haroli, Una Rolling Mills Parts

83 Viren Agrotech Pvt. Ltd.,. Vill. Bela Bathari, The. Haroli, Una Stearic Acid

84 VMK Pharmatech, . Plot No. 55, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Pharmaceutical

85

Y.S.R.G., . Plot No. 7, Ph. Iii Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Battery Spreader

86 Zamidara Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd., . Plot No. 21, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Agriculture Tools

INDUSTRIAL AREA MEHATPUR Distt.

Sr. No NAME ADDRESS PRODUCT1 A.K. Polymer, Plot No.69, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pet Bottle2 Aeri Electricals & Engg. Works, 56, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Electrical Fan Dondud, Sank, Regulator3 Alcast International, 4D (2-3) Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Die Casting4 B.D. Plasts, 143, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una P.V.C. Pipe5 Balaji Industries, 137, Industrial Area, Mehatpur Distt. Una Automotives Fitters6 Bansal Tubes, 12-B Ind. Area Mehatpur, Distt. Una Cement Floor Tiles Inter Lock Pavers 7 Durga Flour Mills, Plot No. 87, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Distt. Atta, Besan, Dalia8 Fine Emboidiry, 2/4, 1A, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Textile Yarn9 Ganpati Metal & Prints, Plot No. 36, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Printing Aluminium Sheets

10 Govind Wires , 5-B, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Go Swiches Stay Sets, Xarms Panel 11 Gupta Tubes, # Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Corrugated Boxes HDTE & Alkhatine 12 H & M Industry, Plot No. 108, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una BOPP Caps13 H.P.G.I.C. Country Liquor Bottling Plant, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Country Liquor14 Him Steel Products, 98, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Distt. Una HDPE Pipes Fitting15 Him Valves & Regulators Pvt. Ltd., 101-103, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Distt. Una Valves & Regulators16 Himachal Pradesh General Industries, Plot No. 5-A, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Country Wine17 Honeywell Resorts Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 4, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Mineral Water Soda Etc.18 International Machine Screws Ind., Plot No. 2 (E) 2 Ind. Area Mehatpur Distt. Domestic Wooden19 Kamla Industries, Plot No. 85, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Electrical Goods20 Kangra Rosin & Tuepentine Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 85-86, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Rosin & Turpentine21 Kapco Industries, Plot No. 44-C, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Alkathene/HDPE Pipe Fitting & Tanks22 Kareena Industry, Plot No. 81, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una P.V.C. Black Pipe23 Luxmi Industries, 82, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Paper Napkin24 Maha Dev Soap And Detergent Ind., Plot No. 1-8, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Washing Soap25 Mahesh International Co., Plot No. 39-40, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Tea26 Manbik Graphics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 40, Ind. Area Tahliwal, Una Computer Stationery27 Mayfair Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 67A & 68 Ind. Area Mehatpur, Biotech, Pharmaceutical28 Mehatpur Pakages Pvt. Ltd., 128 Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Jute Bags & HDPE Bags29 Mohan Eng. Works, 11-C, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Plastic Graneuls30 Monal Biotechnologies, 6-6A-7, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una B.E (Elect) F.I.E.31 Namdhari Coach Builders, Plot No. 2 (E) 3 To 6 Ind. Area Mehatpur, Fabrication Of Automobile Body32 Naverich Electronics Pvt. Ltd., 27, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Invertor

APPENDIX 1

33 Navyug Enterprises, Plot No. 95, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Fan & Electrical App.34 NCI Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Plot No. 89, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pharmaacy35 Nipso Polyfabriks Ltd., 30-31 Ind. Area Mehatpur, Distt. Una Sacks36 Poly Extruvions, Plot No. 2A, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Plastic Compounds37 Prabhakar & Co., 1A, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Electric Control Panels38 Punjab Laminates Pvt. Ltd., 9-10, Ind Area Estate Mehatpur Una Laminated Sheets(Sunmica)39 Pyara Rexine (P) Ltd., 2B, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Rexine40 R.M. Minerals Pvt. Ltd., 129-A Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Calcium Carbide41 Rajare Auto Services, 14, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Distt. Una (H.P.) Macy42 Ranger Braveries Pvt. Ltd., 1 & 130, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Wine Product43 Royal Industries, Plot No. 44-C, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Water Tank44 S.V. Steel Works, . 43, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Aluminium Febrication45 Sanjeev Tyres, . 5-E, Ind. Area Mathatpur, Una Tyres & Retreating46 Saraswati Cables & Allied Ind. Pvt. Ltd., . 6-B, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Distt. Una Electrical Wire47 Satguru Body Builders, . Plot No. 5-F, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Body Builders Vehicle48 Seagull Labs (I) Pvt. Ltd., . 29, Mehatpur Ind. Area, Una Pharmaceutical 49 Shiva Aluminum, . # 132, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Brand Aluminum50 Shri Krishna Industries, . Plot No. - 11, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pet Bootle51 Spatia Chemicals,. 76-77, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Ferrous Sulphate52 Spectora Holo Pvt. Ltd.,. # 129, Mehatpur, Una Holo G53 Spen Formulation Pvt. Ltd., . 123, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Distt. Una Pharmaceuticals Formulation54 Sprem Enterprises,. Plot No. 106, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Electrical Accessories55 SRN Enterprises,. 2-D, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Aluminium Doors & Wooden Fitting56 Stanford Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.,. Plot No. 8, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Pharmaceutical 57 Steel Aluminium Product, . 57, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Aluminium Tool Fitting58 Stylish Packers Pvt. Ltd.,. Plot No. 33, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Corrugated Boxes59 Sudhanshu Herbs Mfg. & Supplier, . 46, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Ayurvedic Medicines60 Sun Plas Industry, . 130-A Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Radiator Fan61 Supreme Industries, . 57 & 131, Ind. Area Mehatupr, Una Aluminum Builidng Material62 Surendra Industries, . Indl Area, Mehatpur, Distt. Una Water Tank (Index)63 Surindra Ind. Bansal Traders,. 58 & 59B, Ind. Area, Mehatpur, Una Plastic Pipes Fittings64 Surya Industries, . # 139, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Textile65 Swiss Garnier Life Science, . 21-22-23, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pharmaceuticals66 Tiwari Chemicals,. Near Petrol Pump Una Road Mehatpur All Type Chemicals67 Tulip Laboratories,. 71-72, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pharmaceuticals Liquid, Tablet, Capsule68 Varun Product, . 143, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una'#70, Ind. Pet Bottles 69 Vats Industries, . #70, Ind. Area Mehatpur, Una Pet Bottles