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VocabularyVocabulary
Controlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments
hypothesis - possible solution to a problem or an answer to a scientific question
observation - the process of using the senses to gather information
data - information gathered during an observation or experiment
dependent variable - will change in response to the independent variable
independent variable - selected by the researcher prior to conducting the experiment
controlled experiment - an experiment with only one variable
VocabularyVocabulary
Controlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments
bias - preconceived idea
VocabularyVocabulary
ChemistryChemistry
polar molecule - a molecule with charged ends similar to a magnet (water)
pH scale - the scale for measuring acids and bases (acids / 0 – 14 / bases)
acid - pH below 7, sour to the taste, more H+ ions
base -
pH above 7, feels slippery, more OH- ions
density - ice floats because it’s less dense than water
inorganic -
organic -
nutrients needed by the body (minerals)
molecules that help regulate body processes (vitamins)
VocabularyVocabulary
ChemistryChemistry
solvent - substance in which solutes are dissolved (water)
buffer - substance that helps prevent sharp changes in a cell’s pH
VocabularyVocabulary
Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules
carbohydrate - sugar made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
glucose - monosaccharide (C6H12O6) made by plants during photosynthesis
cellulose -
polysaccharide / sugar that makes up cell walls in plants
starch - carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants (corn, potato, beets)
lipids - fats (from animals) and oils (from plants) used to store energy
nucleic acids - (DNA and RNA) carry genetic information
nucleotide - makes up DNA and RNA / composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base
VocabularyVocabulary
Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules
DNA -
makes up chromosomes. Stores genetic information.
RNA - carries information from the nucleus during protein synthesis.
protein - found in meat, fish, fowl, some beans and dairy products / builds body tissue in animals.
amino acid -
small molecules that build protein and enzymes.
enzyme - biological catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in organisms
substrate - the reactant of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
VocabularyVocabulary
Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules
vitamins -
vitamin D (bone growth), vitamin K (blood clotting), vitamin C (wound healing)
mineral - inorganic substances necessary for cell processes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and iron)
toxin - poison
VocabularyVocabulary
Cell BiologyCell Biology
prokaryote -
a cell that lacks a nucleus (bacteria / ancient origin)
eukaryote - a cell that has a nucleus and other organelles
nucleus - control center of a cell (brain / contains chromosomes)
organelle - the organs of cells (vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondrion etc.)
ribosome - structures on the E.R. where proteins are made
mitochondrion - where energy is released from glucose (powerhouse)
chloroplast - green organelle (contains chlorophyll) found only in plants where sunlight is turned into food (glucose)
VocabularyVocabulary
Cell BiologyCell Biology
cytoplasm - all of the contents inside a cell membrane (except the nucleus)
cell wall - nonliving, outer boundary of a plant cell (made of cellulose)
cilia(um) -
flagella(um) -
pseudopod -
short, hair-like projections that produce movement in many cells
long, whip-like tail found on some microorganisms
“false foot” or temporary projection of the cytoplasm used by some protists for feeding or movement
VocabularyVocabulary
Cell TransportCell Transport
membrane - thin, living layer around all cells (controls what enters and exits)
selectively permeable - different materials at different times go in and out
concentration - amount of material dissolved in a solution
equilibrium - concentration is the same
diffusion - movement of molecules from high to low concentration
osmosis - the diffusion of water across a membrane
homeostasis - balance or steady state or a state of equilibrium
VocabularyVocabulary
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
cell - the smallest unit of life
tissue - group of similar cells working together (muscle, blood, nerve, epithelial, and connective
organ - a group of tissues working to perform a specific function
system - a group of related organs performing a vital (life) function
excretory - waste removal system (skin, lungs, colon, kidneys and bladder)
skeletal - support system (bones, cartilage and ligaments)
muscular - system that provides movement for the skeleton, air, blood, and food
VocabularyVocabulary
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
endocrine - system of glands that make chemicals (hormones) in one part of the body that work elsewhere in the body (regulation)
nervous - system of electro-chemical control (brain, spinal chord, nerves and sensory organs / eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin)
vascular - plant tissue specialized for carrying water
VocabularyVocabulary
Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction
mitosis - nuclear division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
binary fission - single cells split, forming two cells. (reproduction)
chromosome - genetic material, made up of genes, located in the nucleus
budding -
vegetative - asexual, plant reproduction using horizontal stems and underground roots
asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms like yeast
VocabularyVocabulary
DNA and Protein SynthesisDNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA - genetic molecule which makes up chromosomes (double helix)
RNA - similar to DNA, helps to build proteins and enzymes (single strand)
nucleotide - makes up DNA & RNA (sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base)
nitrogen bases - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine and uracil
double helix - shape of DNA (like a twisted ladder)
sugar -
phosphate -
five carbon sugar, ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA
PO4 group found in DNA and RNA
VocabularyVocabulary
DNA and Protein SynthesisDNA and Protein Synthesis
transcription -
mRNA is made from DNA
translation - proteins are made with the help of tRNA
codon - a group of three nitrogen bases found on mRNA
anticodon - a group of three nitrogen bases found on tRNA
mRNA -
tRNA -
rRNA -
carries information for making proteins (messenger)
carries amino acids to build proteins (transfer)
makes up the structure of a ribosome (ribosomal)
VocabularyVocabulary
DNA and Protein SynthesisDNA and Protein Synthesis
mutation - a change in DNA (either in a gene or on a whole chromosome)
VocabularyVocabulary
GeneticsGenetics
meiosis - sex cell formation (making sperm and eggs)
homologous -
paired chromosomes
chromosome - packaged form of DNA (in the nucleus)
crossing-over - exchanging parts of a chromosome
gamete - sex cell (sperm, egg, pollen and ova)
fertilization - the joining of sex cells
zygote - a fertilized egg cell
VocabularyVocabulary
GeneticsGenetics
Punnette Square - diagram used to solve genetics problems
genotype - genetic make up of an individual (BB or Cc or dd)
phenotype - appearance of a trait (tall pea plant, widow’s peak)
heterozygous - two different alleles (Bb or Cc or Dd)
homozygous - two identical alleles (BB or cc)
dominant -
recessive -
an allele that will always exhibit its form of a trait
an allele that only exhibits its form of the trait if a dominant allele is not present
VocabularyVocabulary
GeneticsGenetics
sex-linked - a trait effected by ones sex (baldness, color blindness)
pedigree - the genetic history of an organism
VocabularyVocabulary
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
gel electrophoresis - procedure used to separate and analyze DNA
recombinant DNA -
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
gene splicing -
combining DNA from different sources
clone - genetically identical individual produced from a single cell
VocabularyVocabulary
EvolutionEvolution
evolution - change over time of a species
variation - natural differences between individuals of a species
natural selection - survival of the fittest
artificial selection - people select the variations that they find useful
fitness - ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
adaptation - inherited characteristic that increases the chance of survival
homologous structures - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues (arms, wings and flippers)
VocabularyVocabulary
ClassificationClassification
prokaryote - a cell without a nucleus (bacteria)
eukaryote - a cell with a nucleus (most cells)
unicellular - made up of only one cell
multicellular - made up of more than one cell
angiosperm - plants that reproduce with flowers
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
biotic - living
abiotic - nonliving
predator - hunts and eats other organisms for food
prey - food organisms eaten by predators
parasite - lives in or on another organism and uses it as a food source
host - where parasites live
mutualism - symbiosis where both organisms benefit
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
commensalism - symbiosis (one benefits, other neither helped nor harmed)
niche - full range of conditions in which an organism lives (physical, biological)
producer - makes the food (plant, algae or bacteria) / (autotroph)
consumer - gets energy from another organism
competition - when organisms attempt to use resources in the same place at the same time
herbivore -
carnivore -
eats plants
eats flesh
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
omnivore - eats plants and animals
food chain - series of steps in obtaining energy in an ecosystem
food web - interconnected food chains
trophic level - the steps in a food chain or food web (energy level)
scavenger - eat organisms that have died (detritivore)
diversity - sum total of the variety within an ecosystem
pyramid - a diagram that shows the number of individuals, biomass or energy in an ecosystem
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
carbon cycle - movement of carbon through an ecosystem
photosynthesis - making food using the energy in light
chemosynthesis - making food using the energy in inorganic molecules
cellular respiration -
getting energy for cells from glucose molecules
water cycle - movement of water through an ecosystem
nitrogen cycle - movement of nitrogen through an ecosystem
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
invasive species - non-native species introduced into an ecosystem
deforestation - removal of a large numbers of trees
ATP - energy molecules used by all cells (adenosine triphosphate)
aerobic -
anaerobic -
with oxygen (form of respiration)
without oxygen (form of respiration)
combustion - burning
succession - a series of predictable changes in an ecosystem
VocabularyVocabulary
EcologyEcology
pollution - harmful materials that enter the biosphere through the land, air or water
urbanization - replacing nature with man-made structures